Chapter 3

The Mole and Stoichiometry

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Defining The Mole
 Mole: A number equal to the number of atoms
in exactly 12 grams of 12C atoms
How many in 1 mole of 12
C?
 Based on experimental evidence
1 mole of 12C = 6.022 × 1023 atoms 12C
Avogadro’s number = NA
 Number of atoms, molecules or particles in
one mole
 1 mole of X = 6.022 × 1023 units of X
 1 mole Xe = 6.022 × 1023 Xe atoms
 1 mole NO2 = 6.022 × 1023 NO2 molecules
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2
 Your Turn!
What is the molar mass of C2H5COOH?
A. 148 g/mol
B. 62.5 g/mol
C. 73.0 g/mol
D. 112 g/mol
E. 74.0 g/mol

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3
 Your Turn!
What is the formula mass of magnesium
phosphate?
A. 262.9 g/mol Formula is Mg3(PO4)2
B. 150.9 g/mol
C. 333.6 g/mol
D. 119.3 g/mol
E. 166.9 g/mol

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 4
Learning Check: Using Molar Mass
Example: How many moles of iron (Fe) are in
15.34 g Fe?
 What do we want to determine?
15.34 g Fe = ? mol Fe
Start End

 What do we know?
1 mol Fe = 55.85 g Fe
 Set up ratio so that what you want is on top and
what you start with is on the bottom

= 0.2747 mol Fe
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5
Learning Check: Using Molar Mass
Example: If we need 0.168 mole Ca3(PO4)2 for an
experiment, how many grams do we need to
weigh out?
 What do we want to determine?
0.168 mole Ca3(PO4)2 = ? g Ca3(PO4)2
Start End

 Calculate MM of Ca3(PO4)2
3 × mass Ca = 3 × 40.08 g = 120.24 g
2 × mass P = 2 × 30.97 g = 61.94 g
8 × mass O = 8 × 16.00 g = 128.00 g
1 mole Ca3(POCopyright
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, 4 )2 = 310.18 g Ca (PO )2
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.3All Rights4Reserved 6
Learning Check: Using Molar Mass
 Set up ratio so that what you want is on the top
and what you start with is on the bottom

= 52.11 g Ca3(PO4)2

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 Macroscopic to Microscopic
How many silver atoms are in a 85.0 g silver bracelet?
 What do we want to determine?
85.0 g silver = ? atoms silver
 What do we know?
107.87 g Ag = 1 mol Ag
1 mol Ag = 6.022×1023 Ag atoms
g Ag  mol Ag  atoms Ag

= 4.75 × 1023 Ag atoms

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8
 Using Avogadro’s Number
What is the mass, in grams, of one molecule of
octane, C8H18?
Molecules octane  mol octane  g octane
1. Calculate molar mass of octane
Mass C = 8 × 12.01 g = 96.08 g
Mass H = 18 × 1.008 g = 18.14 g
1 mol octane = 114.22 g octane
2. Convert 1 molecule of octane to grams

= 1.897 × 10 –22
g octane
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 9
 Learning Check: Mole Conversions
 Calculate the number of formula units of Na2CO3 in
1.29 moles of Na2CO3.

= 7.77 × 1023 particles Na2CO3

 How many moles of Na2CO3 are there in 1.15 × 105
formula units of Na2CO3 ?

= 1.91×10–19 mol Na2CO3

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 10
 Your Turn!
How much, in grams, do 8.85 × 1024 atoms of
zinc weigh?
A. 3.49  1049 g
B. 961 g
C. 4.45 g
D. 5.33  1047 g
E. 1.47 g

= 961 g Zn
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11
 Your Turn!
Calculate the mass in grams of FeCl3 in 1.53 × 1023
formula units. (molar mass = 162.204 g/mol)
A. 162.2 g
B. 0.254 g
C. 1.661 ×10–22 g
D. 41.2 g
E. 2.37 × 10–22

= 41.2 g FeCl3
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12
Calculating the Amount of a Compound by
Analyzing One Element
Calcium phosphate is widely found in natural minerals,
bones, and some kidney stones. A sample is found to
contain 0.864 moles of phosphorus. How many moles
of Ca3(PO4)2 are in that sample?
 What do we want to find?
0.864 mol P = ? mol Ca3(PO4)2
 What do we know?
2 mol P ⇔ 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
 Solution
= 0.432 mol Ca3(PO4)2
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 13
 Your Turn!
Calculate the number of moles of calcium in 2.53
moles of Ca3(PO4)2
A. 2.53 mol Ca
B. 0.432 mol Ca
C. 3.00 mol Ca
D. 7.59 mol Ca
E. 0.843 mol Ca
2.53 moles of Ca3(PO4)2 = ? mol Ca
3 mol Ca  1 mol Ca3(PO4)2

= 7.59 mol Ca
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 Mass-to-Mass Calculations
Chlorophyll, the green pigment in leaves, has the
formula C55H72MgN4O5. If 0.0011 g of Mg is available to
a plant for chlorophyll synthesis, how many grams of
carbon will be required to completely use up the
magnesium?

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 15
 24.305 g Mg ⇔ 1 mol Mg 1 mol C ⇔ 12.011 g C

0.0011 g Mg → mol Mg → mol C → g C

1 mol Mg ⇔ 55 mol C

= 0.030 g C
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 16
 Your Turn!
How many g of iron are required to use up all of
25.6 g of oxygen atoms (O) to form Fe 2O3?
A. 59.6 g mass O  mol O  mol Fe  mass Fe
B. 29.8 g 25.6 g O  ? g Fe
C. 89.4 g 3 mol O  2 mol Fe
D. 134 g
E. 52.4 g

= 59.6 g Fe
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 17
 Example - Percent Composition
 Determine percentage composition based on
chemical analysis of substance
Example: A sample of a liquid with a mass of 8.657 g
was decomposed into its elements and gave 5.217 g
of carbon, 0.9620 g of hydrogen, and 2.478 g of
oxygen. What is the percentage composition of this
compound?
Analysis:
 Calculate percentage by mass of each element in sample
Tools:
 Equation for percentage by mass
 Total mass = 8.657 g
 Mass of each element
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18
Ex. % Composition of Compound
For C: = 60.26% C

For H: = 11.11% H

For O: = 28.62% O

Sum of percentages: 99.99%

 Percentage composition tells us mass of each

element in 100.00 g of substance
 In 100.00 g of our liquid
 60.26 g C, 11.11 g H, and 28.62 g O
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 19
 Determining Empirical Formulas

1. Determine mass in g of each element

2. Convert mass in g to moles
3. Divide all quantities by smallest number of
moles to get smallest ratio of moles
4. Convert any non-integers into integer numbers.
 If number ends in decimal equivalent of fraction,
multiply all quantities by the denominator of the
fraction
 Otherwise, round numbers to nearest integers

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 20
1. Empirical Formula from Mass Data
When a 0.1156 g sample of a compound was
analyzed, it was found to contain 0.04470 g of C,
0.01875 g of H, and 0.05215 g of N. Calculate the
empirical formula of this compound.
Step 1: Calculate moles of each substance

3.722  10–3 mol C

1.860  10–2 mol H

3.723  10–3 mol N

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 21
1. Empirical Formula from Mass Data
Step 2: Select the smallest number of moles
 Smallest is 3.722 × 10–3 mole
Mole ratio Integer ratio
 C= 1.000 =1

 H= 4.997 =5

 N= 1.000 =1
Step 3: Divide all number of moles by the smallest
one
Empirical formula = CH5N
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 22
 Empirical Formula from Mass Data
One of the compounds of iron and oxygen, “black iron
oxide,” occurs naturally in the mineral magnetite. When a
2.448 g sample was analyzed it was found to have 1.771 g
of Fe and 0.677 g of O. Calculate the empirical formula of
this compound.
Assembling the tools:
1 mol Fe = 55.845 g Fe 1 mol O = 16.00 g O
1. Find the moles of each element, then find the ratio of the
moles of the elements.
2. Calculate moles of each substance

0.03182 mol Fe

0.0423 mol O
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 23
1. Empirical Formula from Mass Data
2. Divide both by smallest number mol to get
smallest whole number ratio.

=1.000 Fe × 3 = 3.000 Fe

=1.33 O × 3 = 3.99 O

Or

Empirical Formula = Fe3O4

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 24
 2. Empirical Formula from Percentage
Composition
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound whose
percentage composition data is 43.64% P and 56.36% O. If
the molar mass is determined to be 283.9 g/mol, what is the
molecular formula?
Step 1: Assume 100 g of compound
 43.64 g P 1 mol P = 30.97 g
 56.36 g O 1 mol O = 16.00 g

= 1.409 mol P

= 3.523 mol O
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 25
 2. Empirical Formula from Percentage
Composition
Step 2: Divide by smallest number of moles

2=2

2=5

Step 3: Multiple to get integers

1.000  2 = 2
2.500  2 = 5
Empirical formula = P2O5

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 26
 3. Empirical Formulas from Indirect
Analysis:
 Carbon dioxide and water are separated and
weighed separately
 All C ends up as CO2
 All H ends up as H2O
 Mass of C can be derived from amount of CO2
 mass CO2  mol CO2  mol C  mass C
 Mass of H can be derived from amount of H2O
 mass H2O  mol H2O  mol H  mass H
 Mass of oxygen is obtained by difference
 Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop,
mass O = Chemistry7E, mass Copyright
sample – (mass
© 2015 John C All+Rights
Wiley & Sons, Inc. massReservedH) 27
Ex. Indirect or Combustion Analysis
The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a
compound of C, H, and O in pure oxygen gave
7.406 g CO2 and 4.512 g of H2O. Calculate the
empirical formula of the compound.
C H H2O CO2
MM (g/mol) 12.011 1.008 18.015 44.01
1. Calculate mass of C from mass of CO2.
mass CO2  mole CO2  mole C  mass C

= 2.021 g C
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 28
 Ex. Indirect or Combustion Analysis
The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a
compound of C, H, and O gave 7.406 g CO2 and
4.512 g of H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of
the compound.
2. Calculate mass of H from mass of H2O.
mass H2O  mol H2O  mol H  mass H

= 0.5049 g H
3. Calculate mass of O from difference.
5.217 g sample – 2.021 g C – 0.5049 g H = 2.691 g O
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Ex. Indirect or Combustion Analysis
C H O
At. mass 12.011 1.008 15.999
g 2.021 0.5049 2.691
4. Calculate mol of each element

= 0.1683 mol C

= 0.5009 mol H

= 0.1682 mol O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 30
 Ex. Indirect or Combustion Analysis
 Preliminary empirical formula
 C0.1683H0.5009O0.1682
5. Calculate mol ratio of each element
= C1.00H2.97O1.00

 Because all values are close to integers, round to

Empirical Formula = CH3O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 31
 Your Turn!
The combustion of a 13.660 g sample of a
compound of C, H, and S in pure oxygen gave
19.352 g CO2 and 11.882 g of H2O. Calculate
the empirical formula of the compound.
A. C4H12S
B. CH3S
C. C2H6S
D. C2H6S3
E. CH3S2

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 32
 Your Turn! Solution
1. Calculate mass of C from mass of CO2.
mass CO2  mole CO2  mole C  mass C

= 5.281 g C

2. Calculate mass of H from mass of H2O.

mass H2O  mol H2O  mol H  mass H

= 1.330 g H
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 33
 Your Turn! Solution Continued
3. Calculate mass of S from difference.
13.66 g sample – 5.281 g C – 1.330 g H = 7.049 g S

= 0.4497 mol C

= 1.319 mol H

= 0.2198 mol S

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 34
 Your Turn! Solution Continued
 Preliminary empirical formula
 C0.4497H1.319O0.2198
5. Calculate mol ratio of each element
= C2.03H6.00O1.00

 Because all values are close to integers, round to

Empirical Formula = C2H6S

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 35
 Molecular formula
The empirical formula of a compound containing
phosphorous and oxygen was found to be P2O5. If the
molar mass is determined to be 283.9 g/mol, what is
the molecular formula?
Step 1: Calculate empirical mass

Step 2: Calculate ratio of molecular to empirical mass

=2 Molecular formula = P4O10

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 36
 Guidelines for Balancing Equations
1. Start balancing with the most complicated
formula first
 Elements, particularly H2 and O2, should be left until
the end
2. Balance atoms that appear in only two
formulas: one as a reactant and the other as a
product
 Leave elements that appear in three or more
formulas until later
3. Balance as a group those polyatomic ions that
appear unchanged on both sides of the arrow
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 37
Learning Check: Balancing Equations
AgNO3(aq) + Na3PO4(aq)  Ag3PO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)
 Count atoms
Reactants Products
1 Ag 3 Ag
3 Na 1 Na
 Adjust coefficients of both AgNO3+ NaNO3 to three.
3AgNO3(aq) + Na3PO4(aq)  Ag3PO4(s) + 3NaNO3(aq)
 Now check polyatomic ions
3 NO3– 3 NO3–
1 PO43– 1 PO43–
 Equation is balanced
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 38
 Balance by Inspection
__C3H8(g) + __O2(g)  __CO2(g) + __H2O(l )
Assume 1 in front of C3H8
3C 1C3
8H 2H4
1C3H8(g) + __O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l )
2 O  5 =10 O = (3  2) + 4 = 10
8H H=24=8
1C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l )

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 39
 Your Turn!
Balance each of the following equations.
What are the coefficients in front of each compound?

1 Ba(OH)2(aq) +__
__ 1 Na2SO4(aq) → __1 BaSO4(s) + __2 NaOH(aq)

2
___KClO 2 3
3(s) → ___KCl(s) +___ O2(g)

2 3PO4(aq) + __
__H 3 Ba(OH)2(aq) → __Ba
1 3(PO4)2(s) + __H
6 2O(l )

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 40
 Using Stoichiometric Ratios
Example: For the reaction N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3, how
many moles of N2 are used when 2.3 moles of
NH3 are produced?
 Assembling the tools
 2 moles NH3 = 1 mole N2
 2.3 mole NH3 = ? moles N2

= 1.2 mol N2

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 41
 Your Turn!
If 0.575 mole of CO2 is produced by the combustion of
propane, C3H8, how many moles of oxygen are
consumed? The balanced equation is
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
A. 0.575 mole Assembling the tools
B. 2.88 mole  0.575 mole CO2 = ? moles O2
C. 0.192 mole  3 moles CO2 = 5 mole O2
D. 0.958 mole
E. 0.345 mole
= 0.958 mol O2
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 42
 Your Turn!
How many moles of hydrochloric acid are required to
completely react with 1.43 moles of iron(II) chloride
according to the reaction below?
14HCl + Na2Cr2O7 + 6FeCl2 →
2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 6FeCl3 + 2NaCl
A. 20.0 mole Assembling the tools
B. 1.43 mole  1.43 mole FeCl2 = ? moles HCl
C. 0.613 mole  6 moles FeCl2 = 14 mole HCl
D. 3.34 mole
E. 8.58 mole
= 3.34 mol HCl
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 43
 Stoichiometry Calculations Using a
Balanced Chemical Equation
Example: What mass of O2 will react with 96.1 g of
propane (C3H8) gas, to form gaseous carbon dioxide
and water?
Strategy
1. Write the balanced equation
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
2. Assemble the tools
96.1 g C3H8  moles C3H8  moles O2  g O2
1 mol C3H8 = 44.1 g C3H8
1 mol O2 = 32.00 g O2
1Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop,
mol C H =Chemistry7E, 5 molCopyright
O © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 44
 Stoichiometry Calculations Using a
Balanced Chemical Equation
Example: What mass of O2 will react with 96.1 g
of propane in a complete combustion?
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
3. Assemble conversions so units cancel correctly

= 349 g of O2 are needed

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 45
 Your Turn!
How many grams of sodium dichromate are required
to produce 24.7 g iron(III) chloride from the following
reaction?
14HCl + Na2Cr2O7 + 6FeCl2 →
2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 6FeCl3 + 2NaCl
A. 6.64 g Na2Cr2O7
B. 0.152 g Na2Cr2O7
C. 8.51 g Na2Cr2O7
D. 39.9 g Na2Cr2O7
= 6.64 g Na2Cr2O7
E. 8.04 g Na2Cr2O7

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 46
 Limiting Reactant
 Reactant that is completely used up in the
reaction
 Present in lower number of moles
 It determines the amount of product produced
 For this reaction the limiting reactant is ethylene
Excess reactant
 Reactant that has some amount left over at end
 Present in higher number of moles
 For this reaction it is water

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 47
Ex. Limiting Reactant Calculation
How many grams of NO can form when 30.0 g NH3
and 40.0 g O2 react according to:
4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O
Solution: Step 1
mass NH3  mole NH3  mole O2  mass O2
Assembling the tools Only have 40.0 g O2,
 1 mol NH3 = 17.03 g O2 limiting reactant
 1 mol O2 = 32.00 g
 4 mol NH3  5 mol O2

= 70.5 g O2 needed
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 48
Ex. Limiting Reactant Calculation
How many grams of NO can form when 30.0 g NH3
and 40.0 g O2 react according to:
4 NH3 + 5 O2  4 NO + 6 H2O
Solution: Step 2
mass O2  mole O2  mole NO  mass NO
Assembling the tools Can only form 30.0 g NO
 1 mol O2 = 32.00 g
 1 mol NO = 30.01 g
 5 mol O2  4 mol NO

= 30.0 g NO formed
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 49
 Your Turn!
If 18.1 g NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g CuO, what is the
maximum amount of Cu metal that can be formed?
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s)  N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)
(MM) (17.03) (79.55) (28.01) (64.55)(18.02)
(g/mol)

A. 127 g
127 g CuO needed
B. 103 g
Only have 90.4 g so CuO limiting
C. 72.2 g
D. 108 g
E. 56.5 g
= 72.2 g Cu can be formed
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 50
 Your Turn!
If 8.51 g C2H5SH reacts with 22.4 g O2, what is the
maximum amount of sulfur dioxide that can form?
2C2H5SH(l) + 9O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) + 2SO2(g)
(62.13) (32.00) (44.01) (18.02) (64.06)
A. 19.7 g
B. 4.38 g
C. 39.5 g 19.7 g O2 needed
Have 22.4 g so C2H5SH is limiting
D. 9.97 g
E. 8.77 g

= 8.77 g SO2 can form

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 51
 Theoretical vs. Actual Yield
 Theoretical Yield
 Amount of product that must be obtained if no
losses occur
 Amount of product formed if all of limiting reagent is
consumed
 Actual Yield
 Amount of product that is actually isolated at end of
reaction
 Amount obtained experimentally
 How much is obtained in mass units or in moles

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 52
 Percentage Yield
Useful to calculate percentage yield
Percentage yield
 Relates the actual yield to the theoretical yield
 It is calculated as:

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 53
Learning Check: Percentage Yield
A chemist set up a synthesis of solid phosphorus
trichloride by mixing 12.0 g of solid phosphorus with
35.0 g chlorine gas and obtained 42.4 g of solid
phosphorus trichloride. Calculate the percentage yield
of this compound.
Analysis:
Write balanced equation
P(s) + Cl2(g)  PCl3(s)
Determine Determine Calculate
Limiting Theoretical Percentage
Reagent Yield Yield

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 54
 Learning Check: Percentage Yield
Assembling the Tools:
 1 mol P = 30.97 g P
 1 mol Cl2 = 70.90 g Cl2
 3 mol Cl2  2 mol P
Solution
1. Determine Limiting Reactant

= 41.2 g Cl2

 But you only have 35.0 g Cl2, so Cl2 is limiting

reactant
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 55
 Learning Check: Percentage Yield
Solution
2. Determine Theoretical Yield

= 45.2 g PCl3
3. Determine Percentage Yield
 Actual yield = 42.4 g

= 93.8 %

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 56
 Your Turn!
When 6.40 g of CH3OH was mixed with 10.2 g of O2
and ignited, 6.12 g of CO2 was obtained. What was the
percentage yield of CO2?
2CH3OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 4H2O
MM(g/mol) (32.04) (32.00) (44.01) (18.02)
A. 6.12%
B. 8.79%
= 9.59 g O2 needed; CH3OH limiting
C. 100%
D. 142%
E. 69.6% = 8.79 g CO2 in theory

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 57