KINGDOM MONERA

A.PHYLUM SCHIZOPHYTA
(BACTERIA)
• Bacteria maybe classified according to
three basic shapes: 1) the spherical
coccus (cocci); 2) the rod-shaped
bacillus (bacilli); and 3) the spirally
twisted spirillum (spirilli).Colonies of
bacteria are named according to the
arrangement of the groups of cells,
such as :DIPLOCOCCUS, where
spherical cells appear in pairs or short
filaments; the STREPTOCOCCUS,
where the colony is a chain of cocci;
the STAPHYLOCOCCUS, where the
cocci are in clusters: the
DIPLOBACILLUS, where rod-shaped
cells are seen in pairs; the
STREPTOBACILLUS, where many
rod-shaped cells form a filament.
B.PHYLUM CYANOPHYTA (BLUE-
GREEN ALGAE)
• Algae are commonly called
SEAWEED OR WATER MOSS.
The blue-green algae are the most
primitive kind of algae and they
are closely related to bacteria
because they look familiar. They
contain CHLOROPHYLL A, the
green pigment; CAROTENES
AND XANTHOPHLLS, the yellow
pigments; the blue pigment
PHYNOCYANIN, and the red
pigment PHYCOERYTHRIN. The
blue-green algae are producers
because they make simple sugars
by photosynthesis. They are also
AUTOTROPHS OR SELF-
FEEDERS.OSCILLATORIA AND
NOSTOC are two examples of
blue-green algae.
 KINGDOM PROTISTA

Protista is made up of a diverse group of unicellular

forms that are found in a variety of environments. They
live in fresh water, salt water or in moist places and
therefore are said to be free-living. They may live on or
in bodies of other organisms and are therefore
parasitic. The cells of protista have nuclei. They have
internal membranes or membrane-bound organelles.
They live singly or are colonial, but each cell in the
colony can perform all life processes.
 A.ANIMAL PROTISTS
1.PHYLUM SARCODINA
(RHIZOPODS)
There are about 8,000 species of
rhizopods. These protozoans float or
creep about in water. A thin cell
membrane surrounds the protoplasm
of the cell body, allowing for the
formation of extension of the
protoplasm called PSEUDOPODIA or
“false feet”. These structures are used
for movement and food capture. The
foods consist of small algae, other
protozoans, and even some small
multicellular animals such as rotifers
and nematode worms. The best
known of the sarcodina is the
AMOEBA, a fresh water form.
 2. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
(CILIATES)
• There are about 5,000 species
of ciliates. They are provided
with hair-like processes called
CILIA which are used for
locomotion. They retain a more
or less permanent shape of hard
covering, the PELLIOLE. Ciliates
differ from all others since they
have two different types of
nuclei: a large macronucleus
that controls the normal
metabolism of the cell; and one
or more micronuclei that are
concerned with reproduction and
giving rise to the macronucleus.
PARAMECIUM is a well-known
slipper-shaped ciliates found in
fresh water.
 3.PHYLUM SPOROZOA
(SPOROZOANS)
• There are about 2,000 species of
sporozoans. They are not
capable of locomotion. They feed
on protoplasm and body fluids of
their hosts. The most well-known
sporozoan is PLASMODIUM, the
malarial parasite.
• PLASMODIUM is found in the
blood stream of a person
suffering from malaria in the form
of gametocytes or sex
cells.These are withdrawn
through the mosquito bites of the
female ANOPHELES
mosquitoes.
 4.PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA
(animal flagelletes)
• There are about 1,200 species
in this phylum. They are called
animal flagellates because
they are colourless and without
chlorophyll. They move by
means of long whiplike
flagella. Many animal
flagellates are found in fresh
water, salt water and the soil.
Example: Trypanosoma
parasitizes humans, causing
sleeping sickness.
Trychonympha lives in the
intestines of termites from
which it derives subsistence.
 B.Algal Protists
1.Phylum Euglenophyta
There are about 500 species in this
group. These flagellates possess one
to several flagella usually attached to
the front end of the body. Members of
this group bear chloroplasts like
plants. Euglenoids show a
combination of plantlike and animal-
like characteristics. They are plant-
like in that many species have
chlorophyll and are photosynthetic.
They are animal-like because they
like a cell wall and being highly
motile; and like animals the species
that lack chlorophyll are heterotropic.
The EUGLENA is a well-known water
green flagellate.
 2.Phylum Pyrrhophyta
(Dinoflagellates)
• This group includes flagellates with two
flagella. Most have a true cellulose cell wall
that looks like armour of overlapping plates.
Some dinoflagellates are luminescent, they
give off flashes of light, that is why they are
called pyrrophyta or fire plants.
 3.Phylum chrysophyta (Golden
Algae, Yellow-green Algae and
•
Diatoms)
Algae in this phylum contain
chlorophyll A. They lack chlorophyll B.
They also contain carotenes and
xanthophylls. When these two
dominate, the algae have a golden
colour. Less of these pigments with a
certain combinations with chlorophyll
will give a yellow-green colour.
 KINGDOM FUNGI
There are about 80,000 species of fungi. This includes
the MUSHROOMS, BRACKET FUNGI, BREAD
MOLDS, YEASTS, MILDEWS AND SLIME MOLDS.
The body of the fungus is THALLUS. They lack
chlorophyll and therefore cannot manufacture their
own food and have to get food from other source. They
are heterotropic. They are either parasite wherein they
obtain nutrients from living host organisms. Some are
saprophytes wherein they obtain nutrients from dead
plants or animals or wastes. They feed by secreting
enzymes into the food material which break down the
food into smaller particles which are then absorbed by
fungi. Fungi are abundant in moist, warm, organic-rich
environments. Like bacteria, fungi are decomposers of
dead matter.
 1.Phylum Basidiomycota (Club
Fungi)
• This consists of about 15,000 species.
This is the most advance group. All
species in the group produce spores
on a special structure called the
BASIDIOM. Included in this group are
the MUSHROOMS, BRACKET
FUNGI, RUSTS that infect some trees,
and smuts that infect corn.
 2.Phylum Zygomycota
( Conjunction Fungi)
• This is the simplest form of fungi.
About 1,000 species which functions
are known. They reproduce by
conjunction resulting into a
ZYGOSPHORE , a fungus which
attacks the fruits. The most popular
species of this group is the bread mold
(RHIZOPUS).
 3.Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
• This is the largest division of fungi.
There are about 15,000 species in
this group. Included in this group are
YEAST, BLUE-GREEN MOLDS,
MORELS AND POWDERY MILDEW
which attack plants.
• Yeasts are widely distributed in
nature. They are found in decaying
fruits, grains and other foods. In wine
making, the yeast acts on the sugars
of fruits, producing alcohol. Blue-
green mold (PENICILLIUM)
produces the special taste of
roqueforte cheese. Powdery mildew
are especially infectious when the
leaves are damp. To avoid this, care
should be taken to avoid wetting the
leaves when watering.
4.Phylum Oomycota (Water Molds)
• These molds parasitize fishes and
some food crops. They are found
in water or moist habitat. One kind
of water mold is the
SAPROLEGNIA which often
parasitizes fishes.
 5.Phylum Deuteromycota
(Imperfect Fungi)
• Sexual reproduction is undergone
by all five other phyla except in
this group, hence, it is called
imperfect fungi. This includes the
parasite that causes athlete’s foot,
and ringworm.
 6.Phylum Myxomycota (Slime
Molds)
• These organisms resemble giant
amoebas because they move over
decaying organic matter by amoeboid
movement. As it moves, it ingests
particles of organic matter. The thallus
of a slime mold is called
PLASMODIUM. This organism is seen
in rotting logs, decaying leaves or
moist soil.
 KINGDOM PLANTAE

Over 300,000 species of living things are classified

under kingdom plantae. Most plants are anchored in
the place by roots, rhizoids or holdfasts. They cannot
move from place to place. Some are unicellular mostly
are multi cellular. The cell walls of most plants are
made of cellulose. The cells of most plants have a
nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, golgi
bodies, plastids and ribosomes. Most plant cells are
autotrophic being able to manufacture their own food.
Plants reproduce by sexual or asexual means. Most
plants exhibit alteration of sexual and asexual
generations.
 1.Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
• The thallus of most red algae is many-
celled. They contain the red pigment
phycoerythrin, the brown pigment
xanthophylls, the yellow pigment carotene,
and the green pigment chlorophyll. They are
usually marine and are floating or attached
to the rocks. They may be flat and ribbon
like or finely branched and feathery. A
number of red algae are used for food. A
well-known red algae, PORPHYTA is eaten
in soups. Other red algae are used in ice
cream, chocolate drink and salad dressings.
Some are also used to make gulaman or
agar-agar. They are also present in tooth
paste.
 2.Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown
Algae)
• They are mostly marine. The thallus is
many-celled. They contain
xanthophylls and chlorophyll. Most
brown algae have holdfasts that attach
them to rocks. One of the best known
brown algae is SARGASSUM which
floats in large masses in many areas
in the Atlantic Ocean.
 3.Phylum Chlorophyta (Green
Algae)
• They are found in fresh water and
marine habitats. One of the most
common known species is the
filamentous SPIROGYRA. A
representative unicellular green
algae is CHLAMYDOMONAS that
is common in ditches, pools and
other bodies of fresh water and in
soils.
 4.Phylum Charophyta (Stoneworts)
• These plants are divided into nodes
and internodes, with a circle of
branches at each node. These are
fresh water plants. Some are known to
be able to collect lime from some
streams and cover themselves with a
brittle layer of lime that they are called
stoneworts. They are often used as
aquarium plants.
 5.Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses and
liverworts)
• MOSSES. One of the most common mosses
is the peat moss or sphagnum. It is used by
the gardeners to help hold water in pots.
Mosses also serve as pioneer plants. They
grow on cracks of rocks. As they grow, they
break down the rocks into soil enabling the
larger plants to grow and crowd them out.
• LIVERWORTS. These are less known than
mosses but thus grow in areas where
mosses are found. Most liverworts have flat
leathery thalli that are shaped like the liver
hence, the name liverworts. One of the most
common liverworts is the MARCHANTIA.
The thallus forms Y –shaped branches with
deep notches at the tips. This lies on the
ground and they are anchored by rhizoids.
Plants are either male or female. Growing
on the tips are upright stalks. In the male,
these are umbrella-like antheridial stalks that
carry the sperms. In the female, flower-like
archegonial stalks which produce the eggs.
 6.Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns)
• Ferns have true roots, stems and
leaves. Most ferns grow in shaded
places such as forests, ravines, cracks
in rocks or caves. They need shade
and moisture to grow. Ferns produce
by spores usually found on the
underside of leaves.
 7.Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers)
• Conifers are woody perennial (seasonal)
trees or shrubs which produce seeds that
are found on the upper surface of scales.
PINES AND CYPRESS are the most
common examples of this phylum.
 8.Phylum Anthophyta (Flowering
Plants)
• This group includes a great variety of
shrubs, trees and herbaceous (soft-
stemmed) plants. Examples are all
flowers, vegetables, grains such as rice,
wheat corn, grasses and all trees that are
not conifers. They reproduce by means of
seeds found in fruits which are ripened
ovaries.
 8.Phylum Anthophyta
(Flowering Plants)
• Class Dicotyledonae (Dicot). The embryos
of dicots have two cotyledons. Their leaves
have net venation. The flower parts of dicot
occur in fours or fives or multiples of these.
The most common dicots are roses,
gumamela, mango and tomatoes.

• Class Monocotyledonae (monocots). The

embryos of monocots have only one
cotyledon. Their leaves usually have parallel
venation. The flower parts occur in threes or
multiples of three. GRASSES, CORNS,
LILIES AND PALMS are the most common
examples of this group.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
 1.Phylum Porifera
• Sponges are the simplest of the animals.
The body is perforated with minute pores
called OSTIA for the entrance of water into
a central cavity, the SPONGOCOEL. The
larger openings, the OSCULAR, are for the
exit of water. Sponges have no organs, only
tissues. Digestion takes place within the cell
called INTERCELLULAR DIGESTION.
Flagellated cells circulate the water in the
spongocoel. The skeleton is in the form of
microscopic spicules or a network of
sponging or both. The sponge is attached to
the sea bottom or to rocks by means of a
stolon .
a.Class Calcarea. Calcareous
sponges. Example:Grantia
 b.Class Hexactinellida. Glass
sponges. Example: Venus’flower
basket
c.Class Demospongiae. Skeleton
siliceous, mostly marine Example:
bath sponge
 d.Class Sclerospongiae. Coralline
sponges, massive skeleton of
calcium carbonate. Example: Merlia
 2.Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
Coelenterates
• Most coelenterates are colourful so that
most of the time they are referred to as
“flower animals”. These are the animals that
fascinate scuba divers for they abound in
the sea bottom. The digestive tube is in the
form of a hollow, gastro vascular cavity.
They have no anus, hence the digestive
tube is incomplete. Their mouth is
surrounded with tentacles which are
provided with stinging cells or nematocytes.
 Class Hydrozoa. Hydroids.
• a.Mouth opens directly into a digestive
cavity that lacks partitions; hydoid stage
usually in colonies; medusa with velum.
Example: HYDRA (FRESHWATER POLYP)
 Class Scyphozoa. Jellyfishes.
b.Small to large medusa, chiefly of gelatinous
mesoglea, and of bell or umbrella shape,
margined with tentacles; polyp stage minute
or none. Example:Acrometoides ( a
common specimen found in Manila Bay)
 Class Anthozoa. Sea anemones,
coral, etc.
c.Examples: sea anemone, sea fan, staghorn
coral, organ pipe coral and black coral.
 3.Phylum Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms)
• The digestive tube is
incomplete because there
is no anus. Flatworms are
either free-living or
parasitic. They are
usually hermaphroditic.
 Class Turbellaria. Free living
flatworms
• a.Their body is ribbonlike to disklike. They
have no hooks or suckers. They are either
marine freshwater or terrestrial. Example:
Planaria
 Class Trematoda. Flukes
• b.Their body is often leaflike,
with thick cuticle and no cilia.
Some have ventral suckers or
hooks or both. All are parasitic.
Example: Fasciola(liver fluke)
 Class Cestoidea. Tapeworms
c.Their body is flat, narrow, elongate,
comprising a scolex. They make use
of suckers or hooks or both for
attachment. All are parasitic. Example:
Taenia (pork tapeworm)
 Phylum
Nematoda.Roundworms
• 4.Their body is cylindrical. Most species
are parasitic on plants and animals. A few
are free-living.
• A typical example is Ascaris lumbricoides,
ellworm of man. The sexes are separate.
The female looks differently from the male
and are therefore sexually dimorphic. The
female is larger than the male.

• Turbatrix aceti, vinegar ell, is the most

familiar example of a free-living nematode.
This is seen as the minute organism on the
surface of naturally fermented vinegar.
These are non-pathogenic forms. Parasitic
forms include hookworms, whipworms and
pinworms.
 5.Phylum Rotifera (Wheel
Animacules)
• They are called wheel
animalcules because of two
groups of cilia which beat the
water like a pair of spinning
wheels. They are microscopic
forms found in freshwater
ponds, streams, muddy
ditches and street gutters.
Example: Hydatina
 6.Phylum Bryozoa (Moss animals)
• They are called moss animals
because they are similar in
appearance to bryophtes. All
bryozoans are aquatic and most are
marines. The digestive system is
complete. Example: Bugula
 7.Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks)
• Their body is radially symmetrical,
usually no segmentation. Their soft
bodies are covered by a mantle that
usually secretes a limy shell. They
usually have an anterior head and a
ventral muscular foot for locomotion.
The digestive tract is complete. Sexes
are usually separate. Some are found
in saltwater, others in freshwater and
some in land.
 Class Polyplacophora. Chitons.
• a.Their body is usually elliptical. They
have shells made up of eight plates.
They are marine type. Example:
Chiton
 Class Scaphopoda. Tooth
shells.
• b.hey have a tubular shell open at
both ends and shaped like an
elephant’s tusks. Example:
Dentalium
 Class Gastropoda. Univalve
molluscs
• c.hey are known as stomach-footed
mollusks. The foot is long and flat and
lies under the belly. It is used for
creeping, hence, the name stomach-
footed or gastropods. They are also
called univalves because of the
presence of single shell which may be
spiral or not. The head is distinct, with
one or two pairs of tentacles. Example:
snail, slug, abalone and cowry.
Class Bivalvia. Bivalve molluscs
• d.They are known as the hatchet-
footed molluscs. The foot is wedge-
shaped and is used for digging. The
shell is made up of two valves, hence,
the name, bivalves. They have no
heads or jaws. Example: clam, mussel
and oyster.
 Class Cephalopoda. Squids,
octopus, etc
• e.They are known as head-footed
molluscs because the foot is in the
form of tentacles attached to the
heads. Eyes are large and
prominent.Example: squid,
octopus(devilfish) and nautilus
 8.Phylum Annelida (Segmented
Worms)
• The unique feature of this group is
segmentation. The body is divided into
similar ringlike segments or somites.
They have a complete digestive tract.
They are found in freshwater, in moist
and damp places, in seashores or in
burrows.
 Class Polychaeta. Sandworms,
tubeworms, etc.
• a.The head is evident, with
tentacles. Sexes are usually
separate. They are chiefly marine.
Example: clamworm
Class Ologochaeta. Earthworm, etc
• b.They are found in freshwaters
and moist soil. Example:
Pheretima benguetensis (common
earthworm)
 Class Hirudinea. Leeches
• c.The first and last body segments
are modified to form suckers used
for locomotion and attachments.
Examples: Hirudo (leech)
 9.Phylum Arthropoda (Anthropods)
• This is the largest of all phyla. They
are found in almost any environment-
on land, underground, in water, on
plants, on animals and inside animals.
The anthropods are joint-footed with
numerous paired appendages. The
body is covered by a chitinuos
exoskeleton. Their digestive tract is
complete. Sexes are usually separate .
 Class Merostomata

• a.Example:
Horseshoe
crab
 Class Arachnida. Arachnids
• b.Their abdomen lacks locomotor
appendages. They are usually
terrestrial. Example: tick, scorpion,
head louse, spider and itch mite
 Class Crustacea. Crustaceans
• c.Example: crayfish,
lobster, crab, shrimp, and
sprawn
 Class Insecta, Insects.
• d.These animals have distinct head,
thorax and abdomen. The thorax
typically with three pairs of legs and
two pairs of wings. They are mainly
terrestrial. Example: grasshopper, fly,
butterfly and mosquito
 Class Chilophoda. Centipedes
• e.Their body is long, flattened
and has 15 to 181 somites,
each with a pair of legs. They
have one long pair of
antennae. Centipedes are
predators. They are terrestrial.
Example: Scolopendra
(centipede)
 Class Diplopoda. Millipedes
• f.heir body is cylindrical and not
flattened. The body is divided into a
head, thorax and abdomen. The
abdomen has 9 to more than double
somite, each with pairs of legs.
Example: Julus (millipede)
 10.Phylum Echinodermata
(Echinoderms)
• The body of the echinoderms are
radially symmetrical and has no
segmentation. Characteristic of the
group is the presence of spines that
are either minute or large covering the
body. The body is supported by a
skeleton of bony plates. Another
unique feature of the group is water-
vascular system of circulation. Water,
not blood, is issued for circulation.
 a.Class Crinoidea. Sea lilies,
feather stars. Example: Antedon
b.Class Asteroidea. Starfishes or
sea stars Example: Asterias
 Class Echinoidea. Sea urchins,
sand dollars
• d.Example:
Strongyylocentrotus (sea
urchin; Dendraster (sand
dollar)
 Class Holothuroidea
• e.sea cucumber
Example: Holothuria
 11.Phylum Chordata (chordates)
• There are three
unique
characteristics of
this phylum: they
have notochord,
gill slits and a
hollow nerve cord
 PROTOCHORDATES
• The protochordates are the
invertebrate chordates or chordates
without vertebral column. They look
more like primitive invertebrates rather
than chordates. However, they share
the three unique characteristics of
chordates, thus suggesting a biological
relationship or kinship with chordates
Example: Amphioxus (lancelet)
VERTEBRATES CHORDATES
• There are about 49,000 species of vertebrates
inhabiting the seas, freshwater and land. Of
these, 30,000 species are fishes, the others are
terrestrial forms. However, the amphibians,
some reptiles and some mammals share the
water with the fishes.
 Class Cyclostomata. Lampreys
• a.Their body is cylindrical, slender
and with median fins only. Their
mouth is always open because
they have no jaws. They are
called cyclostomes (circular
mouth) or jawless vertebrates.
Example: Petromyzon (lamprey)
 Class Chondrichthyes.
Cartilaginous fishes.
• b.These fishes have skeletons of
cartilage instead of bones. All
fishes breath through their gills.
The gill slits are exposed and seen
at the sides of the head. The skin
is covered with placoid scales
Example: Squalus (shark), Raja
( ray)
Class Osteichthyes. Bony fishes
• c.These fishes have skeletons
made chiefly of bone. All species
breathe through their gills. The gill
slits are covered by an operculum
or gill cover. The scales are
usually cycloid and large.
Example: salmon, milkfish
lungfishes
 Class Amphibia. Amphibians.
• d.Most amphibians live partly on
land and partly in water. As a
result, they have legs instead of
fins and lungs instead of gills in
the adult. However, their larvae
are aquatic and breathe through
the gills. Example: frogs, toads,
salamanders and mud puppies
 Class Reptilia. Reptiles.
• e.These animals have dry skin
covered with horny scales
(hardened skin). They breathe
through their lungs. Most of them
are terrestrial and only a few are
aquatic. They lay large eggs
covered by a soft shell. Example:
tuatara, lizards, snakes, crocodiles
and alligators
 Class Aves. Birds.
• Birds are the only group of
vertebrates (excluding bats)
capable of true flight. This is the
only group with feathers. They
breathe through the lungs. They
lay eggs covered by a hard shell.
Birds are warm-blooded or
homeothermous. Most of them are
terrestrial but some are aquatic.
Some birds are unable to fly like
the ostriches. Example: duck,
crow and sparrow
 Class Mammalia. Mammals.
• g.This is the only group of
vertebrates with hair. They gave
birth to their young alive. They
nurse their young with milk coming
from their mammary glands. They
are homeothermous or warm-
blooded. Examples: man,
kangaroo, horse, pig, cow, dog,
whale, bat, rabbit, fox, monkey,
bear and others.