CHAPTER TWO

Data Communication Layers

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 Open Systems Interconnection-OSI
reference model

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 OSI Reference Model:
The OSI reference model is a layered, abstract
representation created as a guideline for network
protocol design.
The OSI model divides the networking process into seven
logical layers, each of which has unique functionality and
to which are assigned specific services and protocols.
In this model, information is passed from one layer to the
next, starting at the Application layer on the
transmitting host, proceeding down the hierarchy to the
Physical layer, then passing over the communications
channel to the destination host;
where the information proceeds back up the hierarchy,
ending at the Application layer.

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The seven layers of OSI model
•Data flow is divided into
seven smaller and
manageable steps.
•What devices operate at
each layer?

•As a result, you will

understand how to trouble
shoot network problems.
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 Functions of each layer

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Application Layer

The Application layer, Layer seven, is

the top layer of both the OSI and TCP/IP
models.
It is the layer that provides the interface
between the applications we use to
communicate and the underlying network
over which our messages are transmitted

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:The application layer
•Provides services to user’s
applications.
•Ensures the availability of
intended communication partner.
•Ensures the existence of
sufficient network resources (ex.
NIC).
•Synchronizes and establishes
agreement on error recovery.
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•Data integrity. 7
Sunday, November 6, 2022 8
 The Presentation layer has three primary functions:
I. Coding and conversion of Application
layer data to ensure that data from the
source device can be interpreted by the
appropriate application on the
destination device.
II.Compression of the data in a manner that
can be decompressed by the destination
device.
III.Encryption of the data for transmission
and the decryption of data upon receipt
by the destination.
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:The Presentation layer

•services to user’s applications.

•Data format.
•Insures data is readable by the
receiving system.
•Translates between different
data formats.
•Compression /decompression

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•Encryption/ decryption. 10
 Session Layer

As the name of the Session layer implies,

functions at this layer create and maintain
dialogs between source and destination
applications.
 The Session layer handles the exchange of
information to initiate dialogs, keep them
active, and to restart sessions that are
disrupted or idle for a long period of time.

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:The session layer

•services to user’s applications.

•Data format.
•Establishes, manages and
terminates commun. between
presentation layer entities.
•Dialog management
(half/full duplex).
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 Session layer cont…
•Provisions for efficient data transmission.

•Reporting of session, presentation and

application layer errors (errors above
transport layer).
•Synchronization (checkpoints).

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 Transport layer
The Transport layer provides for the segmentation of
data and the control necessary to reassemble these
pieces into the various communication streams.
 Its primary responsibilities to accomplish this are:
Tracking the individual communication between
applications on the source and destination hosts
Segmenting data and managing each piece
Reassembling the segments into streams of application
data
Identifying the different applications
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:The transport layer

services to user’s applications

Data format.
Dialog and conversations.
End - to - end services.
•Segmentation /
reassembly
•Reliability :

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 •Transport Layer Cont…
error recovery
windows.
Flow control :
 Establishes , manages and terminates
virtual circuits (not physical circuits).
Shields the upper layers from transport
details.
acknowledgment.
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:The network layer

services to user’s applications.

Data format.
Dialog and conversations.
•Reliability, error recovery.
• IP addressing.
•Path selection.
•Packet routing.

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:The data link layer
•services to user’s applications.
•Data format.
•Dialog and conversations.
•Reliability, error recovery.
•Addressing / path selection.
•Point –to- point services.
•Physical addressing.

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Data link layer cont…

•Media access control.

•Network topology.
•Error detection.
•Flow control.
•Framing.
•Reliability over the physical link.

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:The physical layer
•services to user’s applications.
•Data format.
•Dialog and conversations.
•Reliability, error recovery.
•Addressing / path selection.
•Framing, access control.
•Binary transmission.
•Data rate.
•Distances.

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Physical Layer Cont…

•Electrical characteristics of physical medium.

•Pin assignment.
•Timing of bits.
•Voltage levels

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 encapsulation

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 Encapsulation wraps data with necessary protocol
information before transit.

Data stream

Data stream

Data stream
Data Data Data
header Data

header header Data trail

(peer-to-peer communication- PDUs)

00111101010011010101011100011001

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Sunday, November 6, 2022 24
 TCP / IP model

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•The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
created the TCP/IP reference model because
it wanted a network that could survive any
conditions, even a nuclear war.
•The main purpose was to move packets
from any point to any other point regardless
of the condition of any particular node.

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Sunday, November 6, 2022 27
:The application layer
•Session and Presentation layers are thin.
•TCP/IP model combines the functions of
the upper three layers into one layer.

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:The transport layer
Deals with QoS issues (TCP protocol):
• reliability:
Error recovery.
Acknowledgment.
• flow control:
Sliding windows.
TCP – connection oriented protocol.

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:The internet layer
• path determination.

•Packet switching.

•IP addressing.
•Connectionless services (unreliable).

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:The network-access layer
•Host-network layer.

•Combines the functions of physical and

data link layers.

•It includes the WAN and LAN technology.

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:TCP / IP protocol graph

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Similarities:
both have layers
both have application layers.
both have comparable transport and network layers
packet-switched (not circuit-switched) technology is
assumed
 networking professionals need to know both
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Differences
 TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into
its application layer
 TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one
layer
 TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers
 TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the Internet
developed, so the TCP/IP model gains credibility just because of
its protocols.
 In contrast, typically networks (Internet) aren't built on the OSI
protocol, even though the OSI model is used as a guide. 
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OSI OSI Layer TCP TCP/IP Layer Encapsul
# Name / IP# Name . Units .
7 application 4 application data
6 presentation 4 application data
5 session 4 application data
4 3 segment
transport transport
3 network 2 internet packet
2 Data link 1 frame
Netw. access
1 physical 1 Netw. access bits
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 Thank You!
End of Chapter two.

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