Network Models
Presented by-
Ashutosh Parashar
Anoop Singh
Rajiv Kr. sharma
Ashok saini
2.1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail.
The process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex
if there were no services available from the post office.
Sender, Receiver and Carrier
2.2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
The OSI model is composed of seven layers ;
Physical (layer1), Data link (layer2), Network (layer3)
Transport (layer4), Session (layer5), Presentation (layer6)
Application (layer7)
Layer
Designer identified which networking functions had related uses and
collected those functions into discrete groups that became the layers.
The OSI model allows complete interoperability between otherwise
incompatible systems.
The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately below it.
Layered Architecture (cont’d)
Seven layers of the OSI model
Physical layer coordinates the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Physical layer is concerned with the following:
(deal with the mechanical and electrical specification of the
primary connections: cable, connector)
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
Representation of bits
Data rate : transmission rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode
the physical layer, is the actual transmission
hardware or link along which the messages
physically pass.
It is only along layer 1 that messages physically
move from the origin to the destination.
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Major duties
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control
Hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery
data-link layer, validates the integrity of the
flow of data between nodes.
This validation is performed by synchronizing
blocks of data and controlling the flow of
data.
In this manner, the data-link layer supervises
the transmission.
It confirms the checksum and then addresses
and duplicates the packets
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host.
Logical addressing
Routing
• The Network layer is responsible for the source-
to-destination delivery of a packet possible across
multiple networks.
• If two systems are connected to the same link,
there is usually no need for a network layer.
However, if the two systems are attached to
different networks, there is often a need for the
network layer to accomplish source-to-destination
delivery.
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
Service port addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
The session layer is the network dialog controller.
It was designed to establish, maintain, and
synchronize the interaction between
communicating devices.
The session layer coordinates communication
between the sender and receiver.
This layer maintains the session for as long as it is
needed, performing security, logging, and any
administrative functions that are needed.
It is in the session layer that the mode of
communication is established
Full duplex where both parties in the
communication can send and receive messages
simultaneously, or
half duplex where the parties must take turns
communicating. All of these details are recorded
and placed into a "session header" for the session.
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
The presentation layer was designed to handle
the syntax and semantics of the information
exchanged between the two systems.
It was designed for data translation, encryption,
decryption, and compression
The presentation layer defines the way that data
is formatted, presented, converted, and coded
The presentation layer ensures that the message
is transmitted in a language that the receiving
computer can understand (often ASCII -- American
Standard Code for Information Interchange).
If necessary, or as directed by the user, the
message is also compressed and encrypted at this
stage.
The application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user.
The major duties of the application
Network virtual terminal
File transfer, access, and management
Mail services
Directory services
The application layer enables the user to access
the network. It provides user interfaces and support
for services such electronic email, remote file
access, WWW, and so on.
Summary of Layers
Summary of layers
THANK
YOU
