Electronic Structure
of
Matter
Erwin Schrodinger
He used the idea to develop a
mathematical equation to
describe the hydrogen atom.
Louis de Broglie Werner Karl Heisenberg
He discovered that for a very
He proposed that the electron
small particle like the
which is thought of as a
electron, its location cannot be
particle could be thought of
exactly known and how it is
as a wave. moving which is called as the
uncertainty principle.
Atomic Orbitals
• These are regions o space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is
likely to be found.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• It views an electron as a cloud of negative charge having a certain
geometrical shape.
• It shows how likely an electron could be found in various locations around
the nucleus.
• It gives also information about the energy of the electron.
• It also describes the region of space around the nucleus as consisting of
shells. These shells are also called as principal or main energy levels. It may
have one or more sublevels. These sublevels are assigned with letters: s, p, d,
f, and g.
Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels of Electrons
Principal energy level, Number of Sublevels Type of Sublevel and Maximum number of
n number of orbitals electrons
1 1 1s (1 orbital) 2
2 2 2s (1 orbital), 2p (3 8
orbitals)
3 3 3s (1 orbital), 3p (3 18
orbitals) 3d (5 orbitals)
4 4 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 32
orbitals) 4d (5 orbitals),
4f (7 orbitals)
5 5 5s (1 orbital), 5p (3 50
orbitals), 5d (5
orbitals), 5f (7 orbitals),
5g (9 orbitals)
• These sublevels:
S (Sharp) - 2
P (Principal) - 6
D (Diffuse) - 10
F (Fundamental) - 14
• Electron Configuration - it is the way in which electrons are
distributed in the different orbitals around the nucleus of an atom.
Filling of electrons start from lower energy level to highest energy
level.
CHEMICAL BONDING
• It is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the
formation of chemical compounds.
• Valence electrons - are the electrons directly involved in forming bonds to form
compounds.
• Electronegativity - is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons, the
higher its value, the higher its tendency to attract electrons.
• Metals have low electronegativity and ionization energy, thus they tend to transfer
or loose electrons.
• Non-metals have high electronegativity and ionization energy, they have a greater
tendency to attract electrons towards themselves. They tend to gain electrons.
• Ionization Energy - is the energy needed to pull or remove one or more electrons
from a neutral atom. The lower the ionization energy the easier it is to remove its
valence electrons.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
• It is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms of carbon are
covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly
hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
• These are poduced by plants and animals.
• There are also organic compounds that are produced from petroleum:
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, lubricating oil and kerosene.
Properties of Common Organic
Compounds
• Odor - is the smell of the compound.
• Viscosity - it is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.
• Volatility - is the measure of the tendency of a compound to evaporate
or turn into gaseous state.
• Flammability - is the measure of how easily the material burns.
Hydrocarbons
• These are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
only.
• Ethane, methane, and butane are components of natural gas.
• These are grouped into families namely; alkanes, alkenes, and
alkynes.
Alkanes
Name Phase Condensed Strucutral Formula Boiling Point
Methane Gas CH4 -162
Ethane Gas CH3CH3 -89
Propane Gas CH3CH2CH3 -42
Butane Gas CH3CH2CH2CH3 -0.5
Pentane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 36
Hexane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 69
Heptane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 98
Octane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 126
Alkenes
Name Phase Condensed Boiling Point
Structural Formula
Ethene Gas CH2=CH2 -104
Propene Gas CH2=CHCH3 -47
1-Butene Gas CH2=CHCH2CH3 -6
1-Pentene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 30
1-Hexene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 63
Alkynes
Name Phase Condensed Poiling Point
Strucutral
Formula
Ethyne Gas C2H2 -84
Propyne Gas CH≡C-CH3 -47
2-Butyne Gas CH3C≡CCH3 8.08
Pentyne Liquid HC≡CCH2CH2CH3 40.2
Alcohols and Their Uses
• These are another group of organic compounds.
• Some alcohols are used as antiseptic or disinfectant, some are used as
cleaning agents, others are also used as components of liquors and a
few acohols are used as fuel for portable stoves or other types of
burners.
