CELL REPRODUCTION

HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?

Have you ever wondered how a certain
scratch on your skin heal?
Have you asked why your hair and nail
grows longer and longer?
Have you become curious of how the sperm
and egg cell form?
 All these questions…
…can be ANSWERED by
CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
 Did you know that This cell division is linked in the cell theory which states
trillion cells are that “all living things are composed of cells” and “cells
produced by an come from preexisting cells”
adult every day.
Millions of cell
division are
Why do cells’ need to divide?
occurring right now
as you listening to
this discussion. Growth and Development

Cell Replacement

Asexual Reproduction
Chromosomes Nucleus
An organized
structure
wherein DNA is Organelles
coiled.

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

What are found in the cell?

CHROMOSOMES
 GENES Contain essential information
in
found
DNA
CHROMOSOMES made up of
Transmitted from parents to
offspring via

SEX CELLS NUCLEOTIDES

Phosphate group
Sperm Cell Sugar Group
Egg Cell Nitrogen Base
Guanine, Adenine, Thymine,
Cytosine
CENTROMER
E
A region of
condensed
pinched
chromosomes.
CHROMATIDS
Refers to each strand of
the duplicated
chromosomes.
Together, called SISTER
CHROMATIDS
 TELOMERE
Role is to prevent the ends chromosomes from
accidentally attaching to one another and prevent
the loss of genes.
Cells follow definite stages of GROWTH, DUPLICATION and
DIVISION known as the…

CELL
CYCLE
This cycle involves distinct and regular
phases of growth, DNA duplication and cell
division that are needed to allow growth and
repair.
Abnormalities in the cell cycle can produce
abnormal cell growth.
 MAIN STAGES
OF CELL
CYCLE:
 INTERPHASE
(Gap 1, DNA Synthesis,
Gap 2)
 CELL
DIVISION
(Karyokinesis and
Cytokinesis)
 STAGES OF CELL
CYCLE
INTERPHASE
The growth period in the cell
cycle which takes
approximately 80% of the
cell’s lifetime.
THREE PARTS OF
INTERPAHSE GAP 1 (G1)
First part of the cell cycle wherein the cell caries out its normal
metabolic functions.
During this phase,
 Cells increase their size, their organelles
increase in number.
 SYNTHESIS (S)
Second part of the cell cycle, which refers to the time that the cell
makes a copy of the genetic material in the form of nuclear DNA.

During this phase,

 the cell spends considerable amount of time and energy to
make copies of its chromosomes.
 GAP 2 (G2)
Cells continue to carry out their normal functions and also undergo
further growth..
During this phase,
 the cell makes sure that everything is in order,
including growing to its correct size and
duplicating DNA without damage..
 MITOSIS
Involves the division
of the nucleus and
the genetic material.

Happens in the body

cells.

KARYOKINESIS
The division of the
nucleus.

CYTOKINESIS
The division of the
cytoplasm.
STAGES OF
MITOSIS
PROPHASE
METAPHAS
E
ANAPHASE
TELOPHAS
E
During this stage:
 Chromatin condenses
into tightly coiled
chromosomes.
 Chromosomes begin to be
very visible as threadlike
structures.
 Mitotic spindle is formed.
 Nucleolus disappears

PROPHAS
During this stage:
 Spindle fibers facilitates
the movement of
chromosomes toward the
middle of the cell.
 Chromosomes at the
center.
 If the chromosomes is in
this position, anaphase
commences.

METAPHAS
During this stage:
 Sister chromatids are tightly
paired due to the centromere
and protein cohesin.
 Sister chromatids separate
from each other.
 Spindle fibers begin to
shorten to pull the sister
chromatids away from each
other toward the opposite
ends of the cell.
 Chromatids to opposite poles.

ANAPHASE
During this stage:
 Complete set of identical
chromosomes are now
positioned at each pole of
the cell.
 Rebuild the nuclear
membrane around each set
of chromosomes.
 Reformation of the nuclei.

TELOPHAS
During this stage:
 Involves splitting of the
cytoplasm into two cells.
 Forming of cleavage
furrow in an animal cell.

CYTOKINES
Common Cell Life Span
Skin Cell 14 days
RBC 120 days
Liver Cell 300 to 500
days
Internal Lining of 4 to 5 days
Intestine
Smooth muscle of 16 years
Intestine
While some cells are busy dividing, some cells are also dying. That is
because no cell lives forever.
The orderly programmed of cell death or suicide which is
different from unintentional cell death is called…

APOPTOSI
S
This is the body’s way to get rid of all the
cell that are no longer functioning.
Why is APOPTOSIS needed by the
body?
However, if there is uncontrolled cell division if may produced
abnormalities in the cell.
This condition wherein a group of cells is characterized by
uncontrolled and abnormal cell division is called…

CANCER
It occurs when there is a disruption in the cell cycle,
wherein it doesn’t stop and start in appropriate
points.
A solid mass of TUMOR is formed.
Another type of cell division that occurs only in the organisms’
reproductive system is the…

MEIOSI
S
A kind of cellular division that occurs only in
sexual reproduction which is involves in the
production of sex cells or gametes.

During this division, it produces genetically

haploid cells unlike in mitosis (diploid cells).
DIPLOID CELL IN MITOSIS VS HAPLOID CELL IN
MEIOSIS
In MITOSIS, it is diploid because it copy only the exact
number of chromosomes of the mother cell.
In MEIOSIS, it is haploid, because it takes part
in the sexual reproduction of an organism,
wherein half of the chromosomes from both
parents will be given to their offspring.
How meiosis takes place in the testes or in
ovaries?
Meiosis is divided into two divisions of the
nucleus known as MEIOSIS 1 and MEIOSIS 2.

Remember that the products after meiosis is two

daughter cells which is composed only of 23
chromosomes.
 MEIOSIS 1
Focuses on the division of
homologous chromosomes
to produce two haploid cells
with duplicated
chromosomes.

MEIOSIS 2
The goal is to divide sister
chromatids, resulting in sex
cells with only half the
chromosome number.
 STAGES OF MEIOSIS
I
PROPHASE I, METAPHASE I, ANAPHASE I,
TELOPHASE I
During this stage:
 Breakdown down of
nuclear envelope.
 Spindle fibers begin
to assemble.
 Crossing over of
chromosomes.

PROPHASE
During this stage:
 Homologous
chromosomes move
to the equator by the
spindle fiber.

METAPHAS
During this stage:
 Homologous
chromosomes
separate from each
other.
 Genetic material
recombines.

ANAPHASE
During this stage:
 Individual
chromosomes gather at
each pole.
Reappearance of the
nuclear membrane.
 Disassembly of spindle
fibers.

TELOPHAS
 STAGES OF MEIOSIS
II II, METAPHASE II, ANAPHASE II,
PROPHASE
TELOPHASE II
During this stage:
 New spindle forms
around the
chromosomes.

PROPHASE
During this stage:
 Chromosomes line up
in the equator due to
spindle fiber.
 Each chromosomes
ahs sister chromatids.

METAPHASE
During this stage:
 Centromeres divide
and sister chromatids
are individually
pulled apart then
move to opposite
poles.

ANAPHASE
During this stage:
 Development of
nuclear envelope.
 Spindle fibers break
down.
 Occurrence of
cytokinesis.

TELOPHASE
GAMETOGENESI
S cells.
The process of producing gametes or sex

Meiosis is the primary event in this

process.
Two types of gametogenesis:
SPERMATOGENESIS
OOGENESIS
OOGENESIS
 Process of producing
egg cell and polar
bodies.

SPERMATOGENESIS
 Process of producing
sperm cells.

GAMETOGENESI
 Importance of MEIOSIS
Meiosis is one of the factors that contribute in genetic diversity
among organisms.
Such factors involve:
INDEPENDENT ASSROTMENT
CROSSING OVER
RANDOM FERTILIZATION
Independent Assortment
This is the random distribution of homologous chromosomes
during meiosis.
Crossing Over/Random Fertilization
Crossing over happens during prophase I wherein sections of
DNA are exchanged between chromosomes.
 Difference Between Meiosis and Mitosis
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
One cell division Two cell divisions
Homologous chromosomes never pair Homologous chromosomes pair up
up along the equator
Anaphase I: sister chromatids remain
Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
together
Results in two diploid cells Results in four haploid cells
Remember the following:
The product of meiosis is haploid cells (n).
It contains only 23 chromosomes from parents.
During fertilization process, sperm cell will unite to egg cell
forming the 46 chromosomes of an offspring.
44 of these chromosomes are called
BODY CELLS or AUTOSOMES.
The remaining 2 chromosomes are called
SEX CELLS or SEX CHROMOSOMES.
Sex cells are the x and y chromosomes
To have an organized view of the chromosomes that we
inherit from our parents which makes up us, scientists
assigned number to each pair of homologous chromosomes
according to their size from largest to smallest.

The process of viewing the arrangement of chromosomes is

done through the process of…

KARYOTYPING
The diagram that shows karyotyping process is
called KARYOGRAM.
KARYOTYP
E
GENETIC
DISORDERS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
MEIOSIS
During meiosis, the process can create an abnormal number
of chromosomes.
The process wherein chromosomes fail to separate during
meiosis is called…

NONDISJUNCTIO
During pregnancy, defective sperm or eggN
cell
can produce extra or missing chromosomes.

TRISOMY if there is extra chromosomes while

MONOSOMY if there is missing.
TURNER SYNDROME (45,
XO)
It is a chromosomal condition seen in female individuals.

 Small and underdeveloped ovaries, uterus

and oviducts.
 Short with broad chest and webbed neck.

 Swelling of hands and feet

 Can give birth thru in vitro fertilization
TURNER
SYNDROM
E (45, XO)
DOWN
SYNDROME
Characterized by having extra chromosome in the 21st
chromosomes. Occurs in 1 of 800 newborns.
 Short stature, round head, flat face, slanting
eyes, stubby fingers, wide gap first and
second toes, short neck, short arms and legs

 With number of defects in the heart,

intestines and breathing
 Delayed mental development and behavioral
problems
DOWN
SYNDROM
E
Trisomy 21
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
(XXY)
It is a chromosomal abnormality affecting the physical and
cognitive development of males.
 Underdeveloped prostate glands and testes.

 Lack of facial and body hair, breast

enlargement and small penis.
 Big hands and feet, long arms and legs
 Delayed speech and language development,
learning disabilities
KLINEFEL
TER
SYNDROM
E
47, XXY
 TRISOMY X (XXX)
The abnormal presence of an extra X chromosome which
affects one in 1000 females.
 Development delays and
language-based learning
disabilities
For questions and clarification, send
me a message in our FB group.