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PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
1927-1937
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Salt March
o Gandhi relaunched its non-cooperation movement since British did not accept
the Nehru Report
o Began on 12th March with the name of ‘Salt March’
o The British forbade the making of salt except under license from the
government
o It was the opportunity for Indians to disregard all unfair laws and oppose to
British rule
British reaction:
o Outlawed Congress
o Censored newspaper
o Widespread arrest (Gandhi and Nehru were also arrested)
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Allahabad Address 1930
o1930 – Famous philosopher poet, Dr. Allama Iqbal chaired a meeting of AIML in Allahabad
oHe called for an independent homeland for the Muslims
oHe believed that there will be no peace unless the Muslims were considered as a separate nation
oHe also stated that the areas of Muslims majority should be given the same rights or benefits as
the areas of Hindu majority
Importance to the Pakistan Movement:
oThe first Muslim leader for suggesting the partition of India keeping with ‘Two Nation Theory’
known as father of the ideology of Pakistan
oHe gave a clear objective to the Muslims to work to defend their religion and culture
oHis poetry was a source of inspiration for the Muslims to give a sense of patriotism and
motivation to work hard to achieve their goals
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The Round Table Conferences 1930-32
o There was lack of unity amongst the Hindus and Muslims about the future of India
o Rejection of the Simon Commission by the Indians persuaded the British to organize the
conferences
o Nehru Report (1928) failed to achieve its aim
o Jinnah wanted amendments to safeguard the rights of minorities – Congress rejected
o So, there was a need to make an agreed plan for the future constitution of India
o More than one conference held because Indian people demanded full independence
while the British wanted to continue their hold on India
o British wanted to allow limited political power to the Indians
o There were three Round Table Conferences held in London
o On the whole the conferences were not very successful because constitutional problems
of India were not resolved
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First Round Table Conference:
o Held in London – November 1930
o Attended by League’s, Liberals’ and the Princely States’ representatives
o Not attended by the Congress leaders ……
o Gandhi was in prison for his non-cooperation movement
o However, it was agreed the federal system of government shall be adopted
o Representative government should be introduced in provinces
Second Round Table Conference:
o Held in London – September 1931
o Gandhi attended as the only representative of Congress and also claimed that Congress
is the only party which could speak for all Indians
o He also claimed there was no minority problem in the country (Muslims and other
minority leaders did not agree)
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o Therefore, the conference failed but it was decided that Sindh and NWFP will be given
full provincial status with governors
Third Round Table Conference:
o Held in London – November 1932
o Not attended by the Congress and Jinnah also did not attend
o This conference also failed without achieving or agreeing to anything
Not successful:
o Dominion status or Self-rule was not granted as per demand by Congress
o Muslims dissatisfied – problem of minorities not solved
o Demand of separate electorates and representation of low-cast Hindus not accepted
o New viceroy (Lord Willington) not in favor of giving concessions to India
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Successful:
o Federal system for India
o Representative government
o Separation of Sindh from Bombay and full provincial status for NWFP
