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EC-241 Object-Oriented Programming

This document discusses C++ file input/output (I/O) using streams. It introduces the stream class hierarchy for file I/O and the ifstream, ofstream, and fstream classes. It covers opening and closing files, reading and writing text and formatted data to files, dealing with strings containing spaces, unformatted and binary I/O, object I/O, accessing non-adjacent file locations, I/O with multiple objects, and objects that can read and write themselves to files.

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59 views33 pages

EC-241 Object-Oriented Programming

This document discusses C++ file input/output (I/O) using streams. It introduces the stream class hierarchy for file I/O and the ifstream, ofstream, and fstream classes. It covers opening and closing files, reading and writing text and formatted data to files, dealing with strings containing spaces, unformatted and binary I/O, object I/O, accessing non-adjacent file locations, I/O with multiple objects, and objects that can read and write themselves to files.

Uploaded by

Raza Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EC-241 Object-Oriented

Programming
LECTURE 12
C++ File I/O
• A stream is a general name given to a flow of
data.

• Disk file I/O is a special case of the general I/O


system

• The classes used specifically for Disk file I/O


are declared in the file FSTREAM
Stream class hierarchy (simplified)
ios
ios

istream
ios ostream
ios

ifstream
ios iostream
ios ofstream
ios

fstream
ios
Disk File I/O with Streams
• Three relevant classes:
– ifstream for input // ifstream in;
– ofstream for output // ofstream out;
– fstream for both input and output
// fstream io;
Opening and Closing a file
• void ifstream::open(const char *filename, ios::openmode mode= ios::in)

• void ofstream::open(const char *filename, ios::openmode mode= ios::out |


ios::trunc)

• void fstream::open(const char *filename, ios::openmode mode= ios::in | ios::out)

• ios::in
• ios::out
• ios::binary
• ios::trunc
• Ios::app

• Ifstream io(”my file”);

• io.close();
Reading and writing Text Files
• Use << and >> operators the same way you do
when performing console I/O, except that
instead of using cin, cout substitue a string
that is linked to a file
Writing and Reading
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
# include <fstream>
# include <fstream> #include <string>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
void main()
{
void main()
string item;
{ float price;

ifstream in("test.txt");
ofstream out("test.txt");
in>>item>>price;
out<<"Computer "<<28.9;
cout<<item<<" "<<price<<endl;
out<<"Laptop "<<59.5;
in>>item>>price;
cout<<item<<" "<<price<<endl;
} }
Formatted File I/O
• Numbers are stored as a series of characters
• E.g. 6.02 is stored as character ‘6’, followed by
chars ‘.’, ‘0’, and ‘2’.
• Inefficient, but easy to implement
Writing (Formatted) Data
# include <fstream>
#include <string>
…
void main()
{
char ch=‘x’; int i=77; double d=6.02;
string str1=“Kafka”, str2=“Proust”; //strings without embedded spaces

ofstream outfile(“fdata.txt”);

outfile<<ch
<<i
<<‘ ‘ //needs space btw numbers
<<d
<<str1
<<‘ ‘ //needs space btw strings
<<str2;
}
Reading (Formatted) Data
void main()
{
char ch; int i; double d;
string str1, str2;

ifstream infile(“fdata.txt”);

infile>>ch>>i>>d>>str1>>str2;

cout<<ch<<endl
<<i<<endl

<<d<<endl

<<str1<<endl

<<str2<<endl;
}
Strings with Embedded Blanks
//file output
…
void main()
{
ofstream outfile(“test.txt”);
outfile<<“I fear thee, ancient mariner!\n”;
outfile<<“I fear thy skinny hand\n”;
outfile<<“And thou art long, and lank, and brown, \n”;
outfile<<“As is the ribbed sea sand, \n”;
}
Strings with Embedded Blanks
//file input
…
void main()
{
const int MAX=100;
char buffer[MAX];
ifstream infile(“test.txt”);
while (!infile.eof()) // until eof encountered
{
infile.getline(buffer, MAX);
cout<<buffer<<endl;
}
}
Unformatted and Binary I/O
• In binary I/O numbers are stored as they are in
the memory rather than as strings of
characters
• In binary I/O int is always stored in 4 bytes,
whereas its text version might be ”234567”
Unformatted and Binary I/O
• put() and get() can be used to output and input
singal characters
• istream &get(char &ch)
• ostream &put(char ch)

• read() and write() reads and writes block of binary


data
• istream &read(char *buf, streamsize num)
• ostream &write(const char *buf, streamsize num)
Unformatted and Binary I/O
const int MAX=100;
int buff[MAX];
void main()
{
for (int j=0; j<MAX; j++)
buff[j]=j;
ofstream os(“edata.dat”, ios::binary);

os.write(reinterpret_cast<char*> (buff),
MAX*sizeof(int));
os.close();
Binary I/O
for (int j=0; j<MAX; j++)
buff[j]=0;
ifstream is(“edata.dat”, ios::binary);

is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*> (buff), MAX*sizeof(int));

for (int j=0; j<MAX; j++)


if (buff[j]!=j)
cout<<“Data is incorrect\n”;
}
Object I/O
//oper.cpp
class person
{
protected:
char name[80];
short age;
public:
void getData()
{
cin>>name;
cin>>age;
}
};
Object I/O: Writing an object
void main()
{
person per;
per.getData();
ofstream outfile(“PERSON.DAT”, ios::binary);
outfile.write(reinterpret_cast<char *> (&per),
sizeof(per));
}
Object I/O: Reading an Object
//iper.cpp
class person
{
protected:
char name[80];
short age;
public:
void showData()
{
cout<<name;
cout<<age;
}
};
Object I/O: Reading an object
void main()
{
person per;
ifstream infile(“PERSON.DAT”, ios::binary);
infile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *> (&per),
sizeof(per));
per.showData();
}
Accessing Non-Adjacent Locations
• File Position Pointer
– Byte number of next byte in the file to be read or
written
– For ifstream: get pointer
– For ofstream: put pointer
• Functions to position the file position pointer
at desired byte:
– For ifstream: seekg (seek get)
– For ofstream: seekp (seek put)
Examples: Accessing Non-Adjacent Locations
ifstream infile(“data.dat”);

//position to the nth byte of file (n is any int)


infile.seekg(n, ios::beg); //offset from beginning (default)

//position n bytes from current position


infile.seekg(n, ios::cur);

//position n bytes from end of file


infile.seekg(n, ios::end);

//position at end of file


infile.seekg(0, ios::end);
I/O with Multiple Objects
class person
{
protected:
char name[80];
short age;
public:
void getData()
{
cin>>name; cin>>age;
}
void showData()
{
cout<<name; cout<<age;
}
};
void main()
{
char ch; person per;
fstream file; //create an i/o file
file.open(“GROUP.DAT”, ios::app|ios::out|ios::in|ios::binary);
do
{
cout<<“\nEnter person’s data:”;
per.getData();
file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&per), sizeof(per));
cout<<“Enter another person (y/n) ? “;
cin>>ch;
}
while (ch==‘y’);
file.seekg(0);
file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&per),
sizeof(per));
while (!file.eof())
{
cout<<“\n Person:” ;
per.showData();
file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&per),
sizeof(per));
}
}
Random Access
void main()
{
person per; ifstream infile;
infile.open(“GROUP.DAT”, ios::in|ios::binary);
infile.seekg(0, ios::end); //reach end
int endposition=infile.tellg();
int n=endposition/sizeof(person); //total
//number of persons in the file
cout<<“There are “<<n<<“persons in the file”;
cout<<“\nEnter person number to read: “;
cin>>n;
int position= (n-1)*sizeof(person);
infile.seekg(position);
infile.read(reinterpret_cast<char*> (&per),
sizeof(per));
per.showData();
}
Objects that Read and Write Themselves
class person
{
protected:
char name[80];
short age;
public:
void getData()
{ cin>>name>>age; }
void showData()
{ cout<<name<<age; }
void diskIn(int); //read from file
void diskOut(); //write to file
static int diskCount(); //return number of persons in file
//Note: static functions can be called without any object
};
void person::diskIn(int pn)
{
ifstream infile;
infile.open(“PERSFILE.DAT”, ios::binary);
infile.seekg(pn*sizeof(person));
infile.read((char*)this, sizeof(*this));
}
void person::diskOut()
{
ofstream outfile;
outfile.open(“PERSFILE.DAT”, ios::app|
ios::binary);
outfile.write((char*)this, sizeof(*this));
}
int person::diskCount()
{
ifstream infile;
infile.open(“PERSFILE.DAT”, ios::binary);
infile.seekg(0, ios::end);
return (int)infile.tellg()/sizeof(person);
}
void main()
{
person p; char ch;
do
{
cout<<“\nEnter person’s data:”;
p.getData();
p.diskOut();
cout<<“Enter another person (y/n) ? “;
cin>>ch;
}
while (ch==‘y’);

int n=person::diskCount();
cout<<“There are “<<n<<“persons in the file”;
for (int j=0; j<n; j++)
{
cout<<“\n Person “ <<j;
p.diskIn(j);
p.showData();
}
}

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