BRIDGE COURSE

MATHEMATICS
2020-21
 Mathematics
• Curriculum plays a crucial role in enabling
quality learning for our young learners in our
society
 Mathematics
• This curriculum is equipped with making
students industry ready, allow internships for
hands on experience.
• Joining an engineering program required to
strengthen their concepts in science subjects
i.e Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics
building a better foundation during the first
semester itself.
 Mathematics
• Purpose of this module is to bridge the gap
between what the students need to know
before they can start taking the advanced
courses in the college level and what they are
actually aware of from the intermediate level.
 Mathematics
• Purpose of this module is to bridge the gap
between what the students need to know
before they can start taking the advanced
courses in the college level and what they are
actually aware of from the intermediate level.
 Why is Math Important in Life?

• 1. Learning math is good for your brain

• 2. Math helps you tell time
• 3. Math makes you a better cook 
• 4. Math helps us have better problem-solving
skills
• 5.Practically every career uses math in some
way.
 Overcome Math Anxiety

• 1. Debunk Myth Around Math

• 2. Positive Reinforcement
• 3. Back To Basics
• 4. Make Math Fun
• 5. Develop A Growth Mindset
 BRIDGE COURSE

Algebraic equations
• Basic terminology

• Elimination method

8
 BRIDGE COURSE

Algebraic equations
• Solving linear
• Quadratic Equations
• Fractional Equation
• Radical Equation

9
 BRIDGE COURSE

Algebraic equations
• Division

• Remainder Theorem

• Factor theorem

10
 BRIDGE COURSE

Complex numbers
• Definition

• Modulus

• Conjugate.

11
 BRIDGE COURSE

Trigonometry

• Trigonometric functions

12
 BRIDGE COURSE

Trigonometry
• Trigonometric identities

• Angles periodicity

13
 BRIDGE COURSE

Trigonometry

• Inverse Trigonometric functions

14
 BRIDGE COURSE

Series
• A.P.

• G.P.

15
 BRIDGE COURSE

Matrices
• Basic Terminology
• Types
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Scalar Product

16
 BRIDGE COURSE

Matrices
• Multiplications

• Determinants

17
 BRIDGE COURSE
Lecture 2 Algebraic equations
• Basic terminology
• Elimination method
• Solving linear
• Quadratic Equations
• Fractional Equation
• Radical Equation

18
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Review of Formulae
• (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab.
• (a- b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab.
• (a2 –b2) = (a + b)(a-b).
• (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 – ab +b2).
• (a3 - b3) = (a - b) (a2 + ab +b2).
• (a- b)3 = a3 – b3 + 3ab2 – 3a2b.
• (a+ b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab2 + 3a2b.
19
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Linear Equation
A linear equation is an algebraic equation in
which each term is either a constant or the
product of a constant and (the first power of) a
single variable.
A standard form of a linear equation in the two
variables x and y is y = ax + b; a and b are
constants.
20
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Elimination Method
To solve the simultaneous equations
• Make the coefficients of one of the variables the
same value in both equations.
• Then either add the equations or subtract one
equation from the other (whichever is
appropriate) to form a new equation that only
contains one variable.
This is referred to as eliminating the variable.
21
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Elimination Method
Let us consider two equations
ax + by = c ………………(1)

dx + ey =f ………………(2)

Here coefficients of x in (1) equation is a and

coefficients of x in (2) equation is d.
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 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Elimination Method
To eliminate x multiply (1) equation by d and
equation (2) by a and then subtract.
We get,
dax + dby = dc

adx + aey =af

23
(-) (-) (-)
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Elimination Method
y = (dc-af)/(db-ae).

Substitute these values in equation (1) we get

the value of x.
Question Solve the following simultaneous
equations by using the elimination method:
2x + 3y = 15 & 4x – 3y =3.
24
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Solution Label the equations as follows:

2x + 3y = 15………………(1)
4x – 3y =3…………………(2)

Notice that 3y appears on the left-hand side of both

equations. 
Adding the left-hand side of (1) and (2), and then the right-
hand sides, gives:

25
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
2x + 3y = 15

4x – 3y =3

(+) (+) (+)

6x = 18
x =18/6 = 3.
Substitute this value in (1) we get 6+3y = 15,
y=3

26
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Steps for solving any fractional equation

• Look at the denominators of all the fraction

terms and find their
least common multiple (LCM).

• Multiply both sides of the equation by the

LCM.
27
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Steps for solving any fractional equation

• Distribute the LCM over both sides of the

equation.

• The equation no longer contains fraction

terms and you can continue solving it by using
the basic procedures for solving equations.
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 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Question
Solve this fractional equation for x:
2x/3 – x/2 = x + 7/6.
Solution
The fraction terms have denominators of
3, 2 and 6.

29
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
The LCM of these numbers is 6. Multiply both
sides of the equation by 6.
(Don’t forget to put brackets around both sides
of the equation)
6(2x/3-1/2) =6 (x +7/6)
Distribute on both sides of the equation:
4x-3=6x + 7

30
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
The fractions are now cleared so this is no
longer a fractional equation.

Finish solving the equation by collecting linear

terms on the left-hand-side and constant terms
on
the right-hand-side.

31
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
This gives:
−2 x = 10

Divide both sides by −2

This gives the solution: x = −5

32
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Check it by substituting it back into the original
equation. This gives −23 / 6 = −23 / 6, so the
solution checks out.

Quadratic Equation A quadratic equation is an

equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0;
where a, b, c are constants.

33
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Example
x2 – x + 1 = 0
Here
a=1
b = -1
c=1

34
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Solving Quadratic Equations
There are two ways of solving quadratics:
• Factoring and
• Using the Quadratic formula
Out of these methods, the Quadratic Formula is
the
most reliable method that will give you the correct
answer without guesswork.

35
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Factorise the following

• 6ab + 9ad – 2bc – 3cd

• 3a(2b + 3d) – c(2b + 3d)
• wx + xz + wy + yz
• 2wx – 2xz – wy + yz
• 8fh – 20fi + 6gh – 15gi
 BRIDGE COURSE
Lecture 3 Algebraic equations
• Division
• Remainder Theorem
• Factor theorem
Complex numbers
• Definition Modulus
• Conjugate
Trigonometry
• Trigonometric functions
37
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
The Remainder Theorem
When you divide a polynomial f(x) by x-c you
get:
f(x) = (x-c) q(x) + r(x)
But r(x) is simply the constant r.
so we get this:
f(x) = (x-c) q(x) + r

38
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
The Factor Theorem
When f(c) = 0 then x-c is a factor of the
polynomial.
Synthetic division
This is also one of the method to divide
polynomial.

39
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Question Divide (x -1) by x3 – x2 + x – 1 by
synthetic division.
Solution
1 1 -1 1 -1
1 0 1
1 0 1 0
 
We get (x -1) (x2 +1).
40
 Complex numbers
Complex Number
A complex number is defined as a + ib;
where a = Re(z)
b = Img(z)
i= iota.
Example z = 3 +2i
Re(z) = 3, Img(z) = 2.

41
 Complex numbers
Modulus
Modulus of complex number z =a + ib is defined
as

42
 Complex numbers
Example
z = 1- 2i

43
 Complex numbers
Conjugate
Conjugate of complex number z = a+ib is
defined as
= a –ib.
Example
z = 1- 2i
= 1 +2i.

44
 Complex numbers
Definition of Equal Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers are equal if their real

parts are equal and their imaginary parts are
equal.
If a + bi = c + di,
then a = c and b = d
 Complex numbers
• Write these complex numbers in standard
form a + bi and also find modulus and
conjugate
9  75 16  7

46
 Trigonometry
Values of Trigonometric Functions
Angl sinx cosx tanx cotx secx cosecx
es

00 0 0 1 0 Undefi 1 Undefi
ned ned

300 1/2 /2 1/ 2/ 2
450 1/ 1/ 1 1

55
 Trigonometry
Values of Trigonometric Functions
Ang sinx cos tanx cotx secx cosec
les x x
600 1/2 2 2/
900 1 0 Undefi 0 Undefi 1
ned ned
1800 0 -1 0 Undefi -1 Undef
ned ined
2700 -1 0 Undefi 0 Undefi -1
ned ned
56
 BRIDGE COURSE
Lecture 4 Trigonometry
• Trigonometric
identities
• Angles periodicity
• Inverse
Trigonometric
functions

57
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities
• tanx = sinx/cosx = 1/cotx

• cotx =cosx/sinx =1/tanx

• cosecx =1/sinx

• secx=1/cosx
58
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities

• sin2x + cos2x =1

• cos2x = 1-2sin2x = 2cos2x-1= cos2x –sin2x

• sec2x – tan2x =1

• cosec2x –cot2x =1
59
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities
• sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

• sin(A-B) = sinAcosB – cosAsinB

• cos(A + B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB

• cos(A –B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

60
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities
• sin2x =2sinxcosx

• tan(A+B) =(tanA +tanB)/(1-tanAtanB)

• sin2x = 2tanx/(1+tan2x)

• sinA + sinB = 2sin[(A+B)/2] cos[(A-B)/2]

61
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities
• sinA -sinB = 2sin[(A-B)/2] cos[(A+B)/2]

• cosA + cosB = 2cos[(A+B)/2] cos[(A-B)/2].

• cosA - cosB = -2sin[(A+B)/2] sin[(A-B)/2].

62
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities
• 2sinAsinB = -[cos(A+B) –cos(A-B)]

• 2sinAcosB = [sin(A+B) +sin(A-B)]

• 2cosAsinB = [sin(A+B) -sin(A-B)]

• 2cosAcosB = [cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)]

63
 Trigonometry
Periodicity of Trigonometric Identities
Fun -x 900 900 + 1800 - 1800 2700 - 2700 +
ctio -x x x +x x x
n

sin -sinx cosx cosx sinx -sinx -cosx -cosx

cos cosx sinx -sinx -cosx -cosx -sinx sinx

64
 Trigonometry
Periodicity of Trigonometric Identities
Func -x 900 900 + 1800 - 1800 2700 - 2700
tion -x x x +x x +x
tan -tanx cotx -cotx -tanx tanx cotx -cotx
cot -cotx tanx -tanx -cotx cotx tanx -tanx

65
 Trigonometry
Periodicity of Trigonometric Identities
Funct -x 900 -x 900 + x 1800 - 1800 + 2700 - x 2700 +
ion x x x

sec sec cosecx -cosecx -secx -secx -cosecx cosecx

x

66
 Trigonometry
Periodicity of Trigonometric Identities
Funct -x 900 900 + 1800 - 1800 + 2700 - 2700 +
ion -x x x x x x

cosec -cosecx sec secx cosec - -secx -secx

x x cosecx

67
 Trigonometry
Inverse Trigonometric functions
• sin-1 (-x) = - sin-1 (x).

• tan-1 (-x) = - tan-1 (x).

• cosec-1 (x) = -cosec-1 (x).

• cos-1 (-x) = cos-1 x.

68
 Trigonometry
Inverse Trigonometric functions
• sec-1 (-x) = sec-1 x

• cot-1 (-x) = cot-1 x

• sin-1 x + cos-1 x =

• tan-1 x + cot-1 x =
69
 Trigonometry
Inverse Trigonometric functions
• sec-1 x + cosec -1x =

• tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 [(x+y)/ (1-xy)]

• tan-1 x – tan-1 y = tan-1 [(x-y)/(1+xy)]

70
 BRIDGE COURSE
Lecture 5 Series
• AP
• GP

71
 Arithmetic Progression
It is a sequence in which each term, except the
first
one, differs from its preceding term by a
constant,
called the common difference.

73
 Note
In an A.P. we usually denote the first term
by a, the common difference by d and nth term
by tn.
Clearly d = tn - tn-1

74
 Example
5, 8, 11, 14, 17,…… is an A.P. 

General nth Term of An A.P.

tn = a + (n-1)d

75
 Sum of n terms of an A.P.
Sn = n/2[2a + (n-1)d]

Question
Find the sum of 17 terms of the A.P. 5, 9, 13,
17…..

76
 Solution
a=5
d= 4
n=17
S17 = n/2[2a + (n-1)d]
= 629

77
 Geometrical Progression
A sequence of numbers in which every term,
except the first one, bears a constant ratio with
its preceding term is called a geometrical
progression, abbreviated as G.P.
The constant ratio is called the common ratio of
the G.P.

78
 Example
1, 2, 6, 18, 54, 162……..is a G.P.

General nth Term of An G.P.

tn = a rn-1
 

79
 Remark
1. If all the terms of a G.P. be multiplied by the
same non-zero number, then the new
numbers form a G.P.
2. The reciprocals of terms in G.P. form a G.P.
3. If each term of a G.P. be raised to the same
resulting terms are in G.P.

80
 BRIDGE COURSE
Lecture 6 Matrices
• Basic Terminology
• Types, Addition
• Subtraction
• Scalar Product

81
 Matrices
Definition
An m×n matrix A is a rectangular array of real
numbers with m rows and n columns.

(Rows are horizontal and columns are vertical.)

82
 Matrices
• The numbers m and n are the dimensions of
A.

• The real numbers in the matrix are called its

entries.

• The entry in row i and column j is called aij or

Aij.
83
Matrices
Example

A=

2 x 2 matrix

84
 Matrices
Operation with Matrices
Sum, Difference
If A and B have the same dimensions, then their
sum, A+B, is obtained by adding corresponding
entries.
In symbols, (A+B)ij = Aij + Bij.

85
 Matrices
Operation with Matrices
Sum, Difference
If A and B have the same dimensions, then their
difference, A - B, is obtained by subtracting
corresponding entries.
In symbols,
(A-B)ij = Aij - Bij.

86
Matrices
.

Example

A=

B=

87
Matrices
.

Example
A+B

88
 Matrices
Scalar Multiple
If A is a matrix and c is a number
(sometimes called a scalar in this context),
then the scalar multiple,
cA, is obtained by
multiplying every entry in A by c.
In symbols,
(cA)ij = c(Aij).
89
Matrices
.

Example

A=

B=

90
 Matrices
.

Example

3A =

91
 BRIDGE COURSE
Lecture 7 Matrices
• Multiplications
• Determinants

92
 Matrices
Product
If A has dimensions m×n and B has dimensions
n×pthen the product AB is defined, and has
dimensions m×p.
The entry (AB)ij is
obtained by multiplying row i of A by column j of
B, which is done by multiplying corresponding
entries together and then adding the results.
93
 Matrices
Example

A=

A2 = A.A

94
Matrices
Example

A2

95
Matrices

A2

96
Matrices
.

A2

97
 Matrices.

Determinants
Evaluation of Determinants
•For Square matrix of order 1.

•The determinant of square matrix

98
 Matrices.

Determinants
.
•For Square matrix of order 2.

99
 Matrices .

Question Find the determinant of

Solution

= 1.1 – (-1).3 = 4.

100
 Unit - I
Lecture 8 • Types of matrices
• Operation of
matrices
• Transpose of matrix

101
 Matrices & Determinants
Matrix
An array of numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns is called mxn matrix.
It is represented by A = [aij]mxn
.

102
 Matrices & Determinants
Where

A=

aij’ s are called elements of the matrix, i =1, 2…..m,

j=1, 2,……..n
aij is the element in the ith row and jth column.
103
 Matrices & Determinants
Example

A= is 2 x 2 matrix where
=1
=0
=2
=3

104
 Matrices & Determinants
Order
Order of matrix is number of rows x number of
columns
Example
A=

order is 2x2

105
Matrices & Determinants

B=

Order is 3 x 1

106
 Matrices & Determinants
Types of matrices
Rectangular Matrix
m x n (m not equal to n) matrix is called
rectangular matrix.
Example
is a 3 x 2 rectangular matrix.

107
 Matrices & Determinants
Square Matrix
Matrix in which number of rows equal to the
number of columns is called square matrix.
Example

108
 Matrices & Determinants
Column Matrix
Matrix with only one column is called column matrix
Example

A= 3x1

is a column matrix.

109
 Matrices & Determinants
Row Matrix
Matrix with only one row is called row matrix
Example
1x3

is a row matrix.

110
 Matrices & Determinants
Diagonal Matrix Diagonal matrix is a square matrix
in which all the elements except the main diagonal
elements are zero.
Example

A= is a diagonal matrix.

111
 Matrices & Determinants
Scalar Matrix
Scalar matrix is diagonal matrix in which all the
diagonal elements are equal, all other elements
being zero
Example
Scalar matrix

112
 Matrices & Determinants
Identity Matrix
Identity Matrix is diagonal matrix in which all the
diagonal elements are one, all other elements
being
zero.
Example is 3 x 3 identity matrix.

113
 Matrices & Determinants
Null Matrix
A matrix in which all elements are equal to zero is
called a null matrix.
Example
A=

is 2 x 2 null matrix.

114
 Matrices & Determinants
Upper Triangular Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper
triangular matrix if aij = 0 i>j.
Example

upper triangular matrix.

115
 Matrices & Determinants
Lower Triangular Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a lower
triangular matrix if aij = 0 i<j.
Example

is an lower triangular matrix.

116
 Matrices & Determinants
Sub Matrix
A matrix obtained by deleting the rows or columns
(or both) of a matrix is called sub matrix.
Example
A= is the sub matrix of matrix
B= by deleting 2nd row and
2ndcolumn.

117
 Matrices & Determinants
Symmetric Matrix
Square matrix A is Symmetric Matrix if A = AT.
Example

A=

118
Matrices & Determinants
Example

AT =

A is symmetric matrix.

119
 Matrices & Determinants
Transpose of matrix
Transpose of matrix is obtained by
interchanging rows with column visa versa.

120
Matrices & Determinants
Example

A=

AT =

121
 Matrices & Determinants
Skew Symmetric Matrix
Square matrix A is Skew Symmetric Matrix if
A = -AT
Example
A=

122
 Matrices & Determinants
Skew Symmetric Matrix

and AT =

-AT = =A

Hence A is skew symmetric.

123
 Matrices & Determinants
Complex Matrix
A matrix is said to be complex if it contains at
least
one element of the form a + ib that is a complex
number.
Example
A= is a complex matrix

124
 Matrices & Determinants
Hermetian Matrix
A Square matrix A is a hermetian Matrix if
A= T

Example
A=

125
 Matrices & Determinants
Skew Hermetian Matrix
A Square matrix A is a skew hermetian Matrix if
A =- T
Example
A=

126
 Matrices & Determinants
Orthogonal Matrix
Square matrix A is orthogonal matrix if AAT = I.
Example

A= and AT =

AAT = I.

127
 Matrices & Determinants
Equality of two matrices
Two matrices A and B are equal if both the
matrices
are of same order and each element of one
matrix
is equal to the corresponding element of other
matrix.

128
 Matrices & Determinants
Example

A= ,

B=

A = B.

129
 Matrices & Determinants
Question

If
=

Obtain the values of a, b, c, x, y and z?

130
 Matrices & Determinants
Solution
Let A =

and B =

131
 Matrices & Determinants
• As matrices are equal there corresponding terms are
also equal,
x +3 =0, x = -3.

• Also, z+ 4 = 6, z =2.

• 2y-7 = 3y-2, y = -5.

• a -1 = -3, a = -2.
132
 Matrices & Determinants
• 0 = 2c + 2, c = -1.

• b-3 = 2b +4 , b = -7.

• Hence a = -2, b= -7, c = -1, x = -3, y = -5 and z=

2

133
 Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices
Addition and Subtraction
• To add or subtract matrices these must be of
identical order.
• This just means that the matrices involved
must have the same number of rows and
columns.

134
 Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices
Addition and Subtraction
• If they don't have the same number of rows
and columns we cannot add or subtract these

135
Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices
Addition and Subtraction
A=

B=

136
Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices
Addition and Subtraction

A+B =

137
Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices
Addition and Subtraction
Similarly

A–B=

138
 Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices

Scalar Multiplication
Scalar Multiplication of matrix A with scalar c is
done by multiplying all elements of matrix A by a
scalar c.

139
Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices
A=

c =2

cA =

140
 Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices

•Multiplication Consider two matrices A and B with the

following characteristics: the number of columns in A
equals the number of rows in B.
•These are conformable with respect to one another,
and they can be multiplied together to form a new
matrix Z.

141
 Matrices & Determinants
Operation of Matrices
The expression
zij = ai1* b1j + ai2* b2j + ai3* b3j + ... aim* bnj

Means "add the products obtained by multiplying

elements in each i row of matrix A by elements in
each j column of matrix B".

142
Matrices & Determinants
A=

B=

AB =

143
 Matrices & Determinants
Remark
(AB)T = BTAT

Question If A =

find k so that kA2 = 5A -21I.

144
Matrices & Determinants
Solution
kA2 = 5A -21I

A2 = =

145
Matrices & Determinants
Solution
5A = =

kA2 =

146
 .

Matrices & Determinants

Solution
I=

147
 .

Matrices & Determinants

Solution
5A -21I =

148
 .

Matrices & Determinants

Solution
Using kA2 = 5A -21I

Now by equality of matrices -21k = -21

k=1

149
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Show that matrix

A=

satisfies the equation A3 -7A2 -5A +13I = 0.

150
Matrices & Determinants
Solution

A2 = =

151
Matrices & Determinants
Solution

A3 =

A3 =

152
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

Solution

7A2=

5A=

153
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

Solution

13I3 =

Consider LHS = A3 -7A2 -5A +13I

154
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

Solution

155
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

Solution

=
= RHS

Thus, LHS = RHS.

156
 Matrices & Determinants
Question

If A = and B =

verify that (AB)T = BTAT.

157
Matrices & Determinants
Solution

A= B=

158
Matrices & Determinants
Solution

(AB)T =

BTAT =

(AB)T = BTAT.
159
 .

Matrices & Determinants

Practice questions

• Define Hermitian and skew Hermitian matrix.

• Define an orthogonal matrix. Give an example.

 x  3 2 y  x   0 7 
• Solve the matrix equation  z  1 4a  6    3 2a 
   
for x, y, z and a.

160
 .

Matrices & Determinants

 0 Practice
1 questions
 , find
 the real numbers  
• If A =  1 0  and such that

 I2  )2 I2
( + A = A where denotes the identity matrix of order 2.

• Evaluate 2A – 5B where A= and B =

1 2
  A2  5 A  2 I  0
• If A = 3 4
 , then
 show that ,
where I denotes the identity matrix of order 2.

161
 .

Matrices & Determinants

Practice questions
• Solve

• Find matrices X and Y if X +Y =

X -Y =

162
 .

Matrices & Determinants

Practice questions
• If A = and B = find A 2 - B2.

• If A = ,B= and C =

Verify that A(B-C) = AB-AC.

163
 Unit - I
Lecture 9 Matrices &
Determinants
• Determinants
• Minors
• Cofactors
• Adjoint
• Inverse of matrix.

164
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Determinants
Evaluation of Determinants
•For Square matrix of order 1.

•The determinant of square matrix

165
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Determinants
.
•For Square matrix of order 2.

166
 Matrices & Determinants.

•For Square matrix of order 3:

= a (ei – hd) –b (fi –gd) +c (fh –

ge).

167
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Question
Find the determinant of

Solution

= 1.1 – (-1).0 = 1.

168
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Question
Find the determinant of

Solution

169
Matrices & Determinants
.

Solution

= 1(2.2- (-1).7) = 4+7 = 11

170
 Matrices & Determinants.

Minor
A minor of an element aij in a matrix
A is a sub determinant of
which is obtained by deleting its
ith row and jth column. It is denoted by Mij.
Cofactor
A cofactor of an element aij in a matrix
A is defined as Cij = (-1)i+jMij

171
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Question Write the minors and cofactors of

each element of matrix
A=

and hence evaluate the determinant.

172
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Solution M11 = 5.1 – 7.0 = 5;

C11 = 5;
M12 = 1; C12 = -1

M13 = 1.7-3.5= -8; C13 = -8

M21 = -40; C21 = 40

173
 Matrices & Determinants
.

M22 = -18; C22 = -18

.

M23 =
; C23 = 6

M31 = ; C31 = -30

174
 Matrices & Determinants
.

M32 = .
; C32 = 6

M33 = ; C23 = -2

175
 Matrices & Determinants.

Singular determinant
A square matrix is called singular if its
determinant is zero.

Example
=0

176
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Question For what value of x, the matrix A =

.

is singular .

Solution Now

=0

177
 Matrices & Determinants
.

(x-1) -1 +1

=0

178
 Matrices & Determinants .

(x-1)(x2 – 2x)-(x-1-1) + (1 – x + 1) = 0
.

x3 -3x2 + 4 = 0

x =2, 2, -1.

179
 Matrices & Determinants .

Adjoint of matrix
.
An Adjoint of square matrix is transpose of
cofactors of
elements of matrix.
Inverse of matrix A
The inverse of matrix A is defined as
A-1 = (1/ ) adj (A);.

180
 Matrices & Determinants .

Remark
• If .
= 0 then A-1 does not exist.

• (AB)-1 = B-1A-1.

• A square matrix A is invertible iff it is non

singular.

181
 Matrices & Determinants .

Question
.
Find the adjoint and inverse of matrix

A=

182
 Matrices & Determinants.

M11 = 0; C11 = 0

M12 = 1
; C12 = -1

183
 Matrices & Determinants
.

M13 = .
C13 = 1;
=1

M21 = 1 C21 = -1

M22 = 0 C22 = 0

184
 Matrices & Determinants
.

M23 = .
C23 = 1

M31 = C31 = 0

M32 = C32 = 0

M33 = C33 = -1
185
 Matrices & Determinants
.

Adj(A) =
.

A-1 = -1/1
=

=
186
Matrices & Determinants .

Question
.

If A =

satisfy x2 -3x -7 =0 then find A-1.

187
Matrices & Determinants .

Solution
.
Since A satisfy equation x2 -3x -7 =0.
Therefore A2 -3A -7I = 0.
Multiply given equation by A-1;
We get A -3I -7 A-1 = 0
Hence A-1 = 1/7(A -3I) = 1/7.
=

188
 Matrices & Determinants .

Practice Questions
• If A = Find A-1
1 1 1
 
1 2 3
• Given the matrix A =1
 4 9  , find adj(A).
 1 2 4
 
  2 5 3 
• Express the matrix A =  1 6 3 
 
as a sum of a

symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

189
 Matrices & Determinants .

Practice Questions
• If A = , find A-1, and show that A3=I the
unit matrix.

• For what value of

• Find the minor and cofactor of each element in
 cos   sin  
the determinant
 
 sin  cos  

190
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions

• What is the difference between minor and

cofactor in square matrix?
• If A = , show that adj(A) = 3AT.

• If A = ,B= , verify that (A-B)T = AT – BT.

191
 ,.

Matrices & Determinants .

Practice Questions

• Show that

192
 Unit - I
Lecture 10 Matrices &
Determinants
• Properties of
Determinants.

193
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

•The value of determinant remains unaltered, if

the rows are interchanged into columns.

194
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
Example

Let A = 1,
Both are
equal
AT = T =1

195
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

•If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged,

the sign of the value of determinant changes.

196
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
Example Let A = 11 2
1 -2 = -1

1 11
Interchanging two rows B = 1 1
1 2

Determinant of B = 1 – 2 -1 = 1 Determinant of B
=-1x

197
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

•If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical,

the value of the determinant is zero.

198
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
Example Let A = 11 1

1 11

Row R1 and R2 are identical

0

199
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
•If the elements of any row (or column) of a determinant be each multiplied by the same number, the
determinant is multiplied by that number.

200
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
Example Let A = 2-1=1
11 1

1 2
Multiply all the element of first row by 2

B=

12 12

11 12

201
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant of B = 4 -2 = 2

Therefore
Determinant of A = 2X Determinant of B

202
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

•The addition (or subtraction) of a multiple

of any row (or column) to another row (or
column) does not effect value of
determinant.

203
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
Example Let A = 3 - 6 = -3

11 2
Let the operation be R1 R1 +R2
3 3
B= Determinat of B = -3 =

14 15

13 13

204
 Matrices & Determinants
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
•When every element in a row or column of a square matrix is zero,
then its determinant is also zero.

205
 Matrices & Determinants
Example
10

Let A = 0 0
3 1

0-0=0

206
 Matrices & Determinants
Question
Prove that

207
 Matrices & Determinants
Solution
Consider

208
 Matrices & Determinants
Applying C1 C1 +C2 + C3,

we get all the entries in C1 0

When every element in a row or
column of a square matrix is zero,
then its determinant is also zero.

209
 Matrices & Determinants
Using property, we get

210
 Matrices & Determinants
Question
Using properties of determinant, prove that

211
 Matrices & Determinants
Solution

Consider D =

212
 Matrices & Determinants

D = xyz

Apply C1 C 1 – C2 ;
C2 C 2 – C3

213
Matrices & Determinants

D = xyz

On expanding by R1,
D = xyz

214
Matrices & Determinants

D = xyz(x-y) (y-z)

On expanding, we get

D = xyz(x-y)(y-z)(z-x).

215
 .

Matrices & Determinants

Question
Using properties of determinant, evaluate the
following

216
 Matrices & Determinants
Solution

Consider D =

217
 Matrices & Determinants

Take a2, b2 & c2 common from C1, C2 & C3 respectively,

D = a2b2c2

218
 Matrices & Determinants
By operating

C2 C2 – C3, and expanding along R1;

we get

D= 2a3b3c3.

219
 ,.

Matrices & Determinants .

Practice Questions

• Show that

(b  c)2 a2 a2
• Evaluate the determinant b2 in a
(c  a ) 2 b2
closed form. c2 c2 ( a  b) 2

• If in which a, b, c are different,

show that abc =1.

220
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions

• Show that

• Show that

• Show that

221
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions

• Find

222
 Unit - I
Lecture 11 • Properties of
Determinants
• Cramers Rule

223
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Prove that -a2 ab ac
ba -b2 bc = 4 a2 b2
ac bc -c2

Solution Let D = -a2 ab ac

ba -b2 bc
ac bc -c2

224
 Matrices & Determinants
(By taking a, b and c common from c1,c2 , c3)

We get -a a a
D = abc b –b b
c c -c
= (a2 b2 c2) -1 1 1
1 -1 1
1 1 -1

225
 Matrices & Determinants
Perform c2 → c2 + c1, c3→ c3 + c1

We get -1 0 0
D = (a2 b2 c2 ) 1 0 2
1 2 0

 
D = [ -1 – (-4)] a2 b2 c2 = 4a2 b2 c2

226
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Consider the system of simultaneous equations
a1x +b1y + c1z = d1
a2x +b2y + c2z = d2
a3x +b3y + c3z = d3

227
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Consider the determinant

D=
Case I If D is non zero then the system of
equations is consistent & has unique solution
and solution is given by x = D1/D or Dx/D;
228
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Where Dx or D1 =

Similarly for y = D2/D or Dy/D;

Where Dy or D2 =

229
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule

Similarly for z = D3/D or Dz/D;

Where Dz or D3 =

230
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Case II If D = 0 then

•Subcase I Find D1, D2 & D3; if D1 or D2 or D3is non zero then system has
no solution.

•Subcase II If D1, D2 & D3is non zero then system has infinite many
solutions.

231
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Question Solve using cramer’s rule
2x +   y + z = 3
x –   y – z = 0
x + 2y + z = 0.
Solution Find the determinant of coefficient matrix

232
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Solution Find the determinant of coefficient matrix

D=

233
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
D = (-2) + (-1) + 2 – (-1) – (-4) – (1) = 3
D is non zero; therefore by cramer’s rule
system has unique solution
x = Dx/D; Where
=3

234
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
is obtained by replacing the x-
coefficients in the first column of D with the
constants from the right sides of the
equations. x = 3/3 = 1,

y = Dy/D; Where

235
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule

= -2, y = -6/3 = -2

236
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Now, z = Dz/D; Where,

= 3, z = 9/3 = 3
Hence x =1, y =-2, z =3.
237
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Question Solve Using Cramer’s Rule to solve the system:
4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x – 2y + 6z = 1

238
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Solution Find the determinant of coefficient matrix

D=

239
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule

D = 4(12 – (-6)) + 1(12 – 15) + 1(-4 – 10)

D=
is 4(18) + 1(-3)
non zero; + 1(-14)
therefore = 72 –rule
by cramer’s 3 –system
14 = 55
has
unique solution
x = Dx/D; Where

240
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule

Dx = = -5(12 – (-6)) + 1(60 – 3) +

1(-20 – 2) = -5(18) + 1(57)
+ 1(-22)
= -55

241
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
y = Dy/D; Where

Dy =
= 4(60 – 3) + 5(12 – 15) + 1(2 –
50) = 4(57) + 5(-3) + 1(-48)
= 228 - 15 – 48 = 165

242
 Matrices & Determinants
Determinant Method or Cramer’s Rule
Now, iz = Dz/D; Where,

Dz = = 110

x = Dx/D =-55/55 = -1, y = Dy/D =165/55 = 3,

z = Dz/D =110/55 = 2
Hence the solution is (-1, 3, 2).
.
243
 ,

Matrices & Determinants .

Practice Questions

• Solve the following system of equation using

a 2
x  b
Cramer’s rule x+y+ z=1, ax + by + cz =k,
2
y  c 2
z  k 2

.
• Solve the following system of equation by
Cramer’s rule x+4y-2z =3, 3x+y+5z=7, 2x+3y+z=5.
• Solve the following system of equation x+y+z=3,
2x-y+z=2, 4x+y+3z=8.
244
 ,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions
• Solve the following system of equation x+y+z= 13,
x+5y+6z= 4, 9x+2y-36z=17.

245
 Unit - I
Lecture 12 Matrices &
Determinants
• Cramers Rule.

246
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Question Solve Using Cramer’s Rule to solve the
system: x- 2y =4,
-3x +5y = -7
Solution Find the determinant of coefficient matrix

D=

247
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
D = 5 – 6 = -1
Therefore system has unique solution given by
x = D1/D & y = D2/D where

D1 = = 4.5 – (-7)(-2) = 6

248
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
y = D2/D where

D2 = = -7 – (-12) = 5

Therefore x = 6/(-1) = -6; y = 5/(-1) = -5

249
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Question Solve Using Cramer’s Rule to solve the
system: 3x – y +2z =3
2x +y +3z =5
x -2y – z =1
Solution Find the determinant of coefficient matrix

D=

250
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
D = 3(-1+6) + (-2-3) +2(-4-1)
=0
D is zero; therefore by cramer’s rule system
we will check D1, D2, D3 Where

D1= = 3(-1+6) +(-5-3) +2(-10-1)

= -15
251
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Now

D2 =

= 3(-5-3) -3(-2-3) + 2(2-5) =-15

252
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Now

D3 =

=15

Even if one of the system D1, D2 or D3 is non

zero when D = 0, system has no solution.
253
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Question Solve Using Cramer’s Rule to solve the system:
x – y +3z =6,
x +3y – 3z = -4,
5x +3y +3z = 10
Solution Find the determinant of coefficient matrix

D=

254
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
DD= is
0 zero; therefore by cramer’s rule
system we will check D1, D2, D3
Where

D1 = = 108 – 108 =0

255
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Now

D2 =

= 18 – 108 +90 = 0

256
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Now

D3 =

=0

Therefore system has infinitely many

solutions.
257
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
Let z =k in any two equations say (1) & (3)
(k is any real number),
we get
x – y = 6 -3k
5x + 3y =10 -3k
Solving these two by Cramer’s rule, we have
258
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
D= =8
D1 = = 28-12k

= -20 +12k
D2 =
259
 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule
x = D1/D = (28 -12k)/8 = (7 – 3k)/2,
y = D2/D = (-20 +12k)/8 = (3k - 5)/2
Thus x = (7 – 3k)/2
y = (3k - 5)/2
z =k

260
 Unit - I
Lecture 13 Matrices &
Determinants
• Matrix methods for
the solution of a non
– homogeneous
system of equations.

261
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
Consider the system of simultaneous equations
ax + by = c
dx + ey=f

262
Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method

A=

X=

263
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
and B =
For AX = B
Case I If ≠ 0 then system has unique solution
X = A-1B;
A-1 = (1/ ) (adjA)

264
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method

Case II If = 0 then find adj (A).B

• If adj (A).B ≠ 0 then system has no solution.
• If adj (A).B = 0 then system has infinitely many
solution.
265
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
Question Solve Using matrix method to solve the
system:
x+y+z=6
x – y +z = 2
2x +y – z =1.

266
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method

Solution Find the coefficient matrix

A=

267
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
X= ,B=

= 6 ≠ 0, therefore system has unique solution

Now we will find cofactor’s of matrix A
C11 = 0 C12 = 3 C13 = 3
C21 = 2 C22 = -3 C23 = 1

268
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method

C31 = 2 C32 = 0 C33 = -2

AdjA =
=

269
Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method

A-1 = (1/ ) (adjA)

A-1 =1/6

X = A-1B
270
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
If ≠ 0 then system has unique solution
X = A-1B

=1/6

x = 1, y =2, z = 3. 271
Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
Question
Solve Using matrix method to solve the
system:
x + 4y - 2z = 3
3x + y + 5z = 7
2x + 3y + z =5
272
Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
A=
X=

B=

273
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
= 0 we will check (AdjA).B
By matrix method
we will find cofactor’s of matrix A
C11 = -14 C12 = 7 C13 = 7

C21 = -10C22 = 5 C23 = 5

C31 = 22 C32 = -11 C33 = -11

274
Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method

AdjA =

275
Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method

(AdjA).B =

276
 Matrices & Determinants
Adjoint method or Matrix
Method
(AdjA).B = ≠0

Hence System has no Solution.

277
 ,

Matrices & Determinants.

Practice Questions
• Solve x+2y+3z=14, 3x+y+z=11, 2x+3y-36z=17.
• Let A and B are two invertible matrices such that
AB is also invertible. Then prove that (AB)-1 = B-1A-
1.

• If the system of equations x = cy+bz, y= az+cx,

z =bx+ay are consistent , having non zero solution,
prove that a2 + b2 +c2 +2abc =1.

278
 ,
,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions
• If A = , then verify AA-1 = I3.

• Verify that A = satisfies the equations

A2 – 4A -5I3 = 0, then deduce that A-1.

279
 Unit - I
Lecture 14 Matrices &
Determinants
• Rank of matrix
• Elementary
transformation
• Echelon form of
matrix

280
 Matrices & Determinants
Order of Minor
If any r rows and r columns from m x n matrix A
are retained and remaining (m – n) rows and (n-r)
columns are removed, then the determinant of the
remaining r x r sub matrix of A is called a minor of A
of order r.

281
 Matrices & Determinants
Rank of Matrix
Let A be m ×n matrix.
Then A is said to be rank r, if there exists at least
one non zero minor of A of order r, and
Each minor of A of order greater than r is zero.

It is denoted by (A).

282
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Find the rank of A =

Solution Now as A is a square matrix and

= -1 ≠ 0.

283
 Matrices & Determinants
2 rowed minor in A is non-zero and there is no
other higher order minor
Therefore (A) = 2.

Question Find the rank of A =

284
 Matrices & Determinants
Solution Now as A is a square matrix of
order 3×3and

= 76
3 rowed minor in A is non-zero and
there is no other higher order minor
Therefore
(A) = 3.

285
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Find the rank of A =

Solution Now as A is a square matrix and

= -1(0-0)-1(0-0) +2(0-0) = 0.

286
 Matrices & Determinants

Therefore (A) not equal to 3.

Now consider a 2 rowed minor in A
say = -1

287
 Matrices & Determinants
Elementary Transformation
•It can be done by interchanging rows (or
columns).

•Multiplication of elements of any row (or column) b

a
non zero scalar quantity say k, represented as kRj

288
 Matrices & Determinants
• The addition (or subtraction) of k times of jth row (or column) to ith
row (or column) to be denoted as
Ri Ri + kRj

Remark
• Elementary transformation does not alter the rank of
matrix.
• Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained
from the other by elementary transformations.

289
 Matrices & Determinants
Echelon Form
Rank = number of non zero rows in upper
triangular matrix.
Upper Triangular MatrixRevise
A square matrix A = [aij] is
called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 i>j.

290
 Matrices & Determinants
Steps to reduce matrix in
upper triangular form
• Use rows or columns transformation to get a non
zero elements in first row and first column
• Subtract the suitable multiples of the first row
from the other rows to get ‘zeros’ in the reminder
of first column.

291
 Matrices & Determinants
Steps to reduce matrix in
upper triangular form
• Subtract the suitable multiples of the first column from the
other columns to get ‘zeros’ in the reminder of first column.
• Repeat the steps from (1) to (3) until all elements below the
main diagonal elements becomes zero.

292
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Find the rank of A =
Solution
Consider

A=

293
Matrices & Determinants
Perform R2 R2 – 2R1
R3 R3 – 3R1;

A=

R3 R 3 – R 2
294
 Matrices & Determinants

A=

No of non zero rows

= 2
(A) = 2

295
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Find the rank of A =

Solution Consider

A=

296
Matrices & Determinants
Perform R2 R2 – 2R1
R3 R3 – 3R1;

A=

R2 R2/3
297
Matrices & Determinants

A=

R3 R3 – 2R2;

A=
298
 Matrices & Determinants
No of non zero rows =
No of non zero rows = 3
(A) = 3

299
 ,
,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions
• Find the rank of A =

• Find the rank of matrices using echelon form

A=

300
 ,
,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions
• Find the rank of A =

• Show that the rank of a matrix every element of

which unity is 1.

301
 Unit - I
Lecture 15 Matrices &
Determinants
• Normal form

302
 Matrices & Determinants
Normal Form
Let A be m × n matrix then normal form of
matrix A is defined as

Ir

303
 Matrices & Determinants
Rank
“r” obtained from elementary transformation Normal
Form is called as rank of a matrix A.

Remark
Both row and column transformation could be used.

304
 Matrices & Determinants
Steps to reduce Matrix in
the Normal form
•Interchange rows (or columns) to get a non zero element (1)
in the first row and first column position (a11)[divide the first
row by the element in the position of a11if it is not 1].
•Subtract the suitable multiples of the first row from the
other rows to get zeros in the remainder of the first column.

305
 Matrices & Determinants
Steps to reduce Matrix in
the Normal form

•Interchange rows (or columns) to get a non zero

element (1) in the first row and first column position
(a11)[divide the first row by the element in the position
of a11if it is not 1].

306
 Matrices & Determinants
Steps to reduce Matrix in
the Normal form
• Subtract the suitable multiples of the first column from the
other column to get the zeros in the remainder of the first row.
• Repeat the steps from (1) to (3) starting with the element in
the second row and second column position (a22).

307
 Matrices & Determinants
Steps to reduce Matrix in
the Normal form
• Continue this process until the matrix is reducing
in the normal form.

308
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Find the rank of A =

Solution
Consider
A=

309
 Matrices & Determinants
Perform R2 R2 – 3R1
R3 R3 - 2R1

A=

310
 Matrices & Determinants
Perform C2 C2 – 3C1
C4 C4 + C1

A=

311
 Matrices & Determinants
Perform R2 -R2 /2

A=

R3 R3 – 7R2

312
Matrices & Determinants

A=

C3 C3 + 1/2C2
C4 C4 + 5/2 C2

313
Matrices & Determinants

A=

R3 2R3/11 A=

314
 Matrices & Determinants

Perform C4 C4 - 38/11 C4

A=

315
 Matrices & Determinants
Rank Method
For AX = B

•If r[A : B] = r[A] = n = number of unknowns then system has

unique solution.
•If r [A: B] = r [A] ≠ n then system has infinitely much solution.
•If r [A: B] ≠ r [A] then system has no solution.

316
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Solve Using rank method to solve the
system
5x + 3y + 7z = 4
3x+ 26y + 2z =9
7x + 2y + 10z = 5.
Solution Find the coefficient matrix
A=

317
 Matrices & Determinants
X= ,B=

Then the augmented matrix is given by

C = [A: B] =

318
 Matrices & Determinants
Perform R1 R1 /5

C=

Operate R2 → R2 – 3R1
R3 → R3 – 7R1

319
 Matrices & Determinants
Perform R3 → R3 + R2/11

C=

Rank of C = Rank of A = 2 < number of

unknown, hence the given system is consistent and
posses infinite number of solutions.
320
 Matrices & Determinants
=

On solving these equations we get

x + 3y/5 +7/5z = 4/5
121y/5 – 11z/5 = 33/5

321
 Matrices & Determinants

• Let z = k; then we have 11y –k = 3; y = 3/11 +k/11; Also x =

-16k/11 + 7/11
• Here k can take infinite number of values so x, y, z also
take infinite number of values. Thus there exists infinite
many solutions.

322
 Matrices & Determinants
Question Solve Using rank method to solve the
system
x + 2y + 3z = 0
3x+ 4y + 4z =0
7x + 10y + 12z = 0
Solution Find the coefficient matrix
A=

323
 Matrices & Determinants
X= ,B=

Then the augmented matrix is given by

C = [A: B] =

=A

324
 Matrices & Determinants
Perform R3 → R3 – 3R1

C=

Operate R3 → R3 - 2R2 – 7R1

325
 Matrices & Determinants
Which implies that Rank of C = Rank of A = 3 =
number of unknown, hence the given system is
consistent
=

x + 2y +3z =0; -2x -5y = 0; z = 0

z= x = y = 0.
326
 ,
,

Matrices & Determinants

.

Practice Questions
• Using rank method solve the following equations:
2x+3ky+(3k+4)z =0, x+(k+4)y+(4k+2)z =0,
x+2(k+1)y+(3k+4)z =0.
• Test the consistency of system of equations:
x+y+z=9, 2x+5y+7z=52, 2x+y-z=0.
• Test the consistency of system of equations: 2x-
5y+7z=6, x-3y+4z=3, 3x-8y+11z=0.

327
 ,
,

Matrices & Determinants.

Practice Questions
• Test the consistency of system of equations: 2x-
5y+7z=6, x-3y+4z=3, 3x-8y+11z=0.
• For what values of a, b the equations x +y+z=,
x+2y+3z=10, x+2y+az=b, have (i) no solution (ii)
unique solution (iii) an infinite many solutions.
• Find the rank of matrix by reducing it in normal
form A=

328
 Unit - I
Lecture 16 Eigen Vectors &
Cayley Hamilton
Theorem
• Linear dependence
• Linear independent
vectors.

329
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Vector
A single row or column matrix is called a
vector.
Example
X = [1 2 3]
330
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Linearly independent vector
Vectors X1, X2……..Xn are said to be linearly
independent vector iff
•All vectors are of same order.
• µ1 X1 +…….. µn Xn = 0 (µi’s are scalars)
µi = 0 i=1 to n.

331
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Linearly dependent vector
Vectors X1, X2……..Xn are said to be linearly dependent
vector iff
•All vectors are of same order.
• There exists scalars (µ1, µ2,…… µn) (n in numbers, not all
zero) such that
µ1 X1 +…….. µn Xn = 0
332
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Linearly dependent vector
Question
• Examine the following systems of vectors for
linearly dependence.
• If dependent, find the relation between
them
333
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
X1 = (1 2 3)
X2 = (2 -2 6)

Solution X1 = (1 2 3), X2 = (2 -2 6)
Consider the matrix equation
µ1 X1 + µ2 X2 = 0

µ1 (1 2 3) + µ2 (2 -2 6) = 0
334
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
µ 1 + 2 µ2 = 0
µ1 - 2 µ 2 = 0
3 µ1 - 6 µ 2 = 0
On solving equation we get
µ1 = 0 and µ2 = 0
Therefore vectors are linearly independent

335
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Question
• Examine the following systems of vectors for
linearly dependence.
• If dependent, find the relation between them
X1 = (1 -1 1)
X2 = (2 1 1)
X3 = (3 0 2)

336
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Solution
X1 = (1 -1 1)
X2 = (2 1 1)
X3 = (3 0 2)
Consider the matrix equation
µ1 X1 + µ2 X2 + µ3 X3 = 0 ………. (A)

337
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
µ1 (1 -1 1) + µ2 (2 1 1) + µ3(3 0 2) = 0

µ1 + 2µ2 + 3µ3= 0
µ 1 + µ2 = 0
µ1 + µ2 + 2µ3 = 0
This is the homogenous system of equations

= 0

338
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Perform R2 → R2 + R1
R3 → R 3 – R 1

=0

Operate R3 → R3 + R2/3
339
Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem

=0

µ1 + µ2 + 3µ3 = 0
µ1 + µ 2 = 0

340
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Let µ1 = t
µ2 = -t
µ3 = -t
Substitute in (A)
-tX1 -tX2 + X3 = 0
t(-X1 -X2 + X3 ) =0
-X1 -X2 + X3 = 0
X1, X2, X3 are linearly dependent and relation is
-X1 -X2 + X3 = 0.
341
 ,
,
Eigen Vectors and Cayley .

Hamilton Theorem
Practice Questions
• Is the systems of vectors x1 =(2 2 1)t, x2 = (1 3 1)t,
x3 = (1 2 2)t linearly dependent? Here T stands
for transpose.
• Examine the following vectors for linear
dependence and find the relation if it exists. x1=(1
2 4), x2=(2 -1 3), x3=(0 1 2), x4=(-3 7 2).

342
 Unit - I
Lecture 17 Eigen Vectors &
Cayley Hamilton
Theorem
• Eigen values of
matrices.

343
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Matrix Polynomial
• An expression of the form A0xm + A1xm-1 + ……..Am
where A0, A1 , ……… Am are all square matrices of
same order n and m is a positive integer, is called n
rowed matrix polynomial of degree m.

344
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Eigen values
Consider square matrix A of order n. A scalar α is
called Eigen value of A if

345
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Eigen Vectors of Matrix
• For eigen value α there exist a non zero n X 1
column matrix X = is eigen vector if

(A –

346
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Remember
• α is an Eigen value of n rowed square matrix A

347
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Characteristic Equation
Consider a square matrix A over a field F and let
α be an indeterminate, then the matrix

is called characteristic equation of matrix A.

348
 Eigen Vectors and Cayley
Hamilton Theorem
Characteristic Polynomial

The determinant

which is an algebraic polynomial in α of degree n

is called characteristic polynomial of A.

349