SEJARAH DAN
PERKEMBANGAN ILMU BEDAH
KELOMPOK 1
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING SURGICAL HISTORY
study of medicine is a lifelong learning process
EDUCATIONAL EFFORT
MORE PLEASUREABLE
PROVIDE CONSTANT
INVIGORATION
There is no way to separate present-day surgery and one's own
practice from the experiences of all the surgeons in all the
preceding years.
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical
Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
4 FUNDAMENTAL CLINICAL PREREQUISITES
Knowledge of human anatomy
Method of controlling hemorrhage and maintaining intra-
operative hemostasis
Anesthesia to permit the performance of pain-free
procedures
Explanation of the nature of infection, along with the
elaboration of methods necessary to achieve an antiseptic
and aseptic operating room environment
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN ANATOMY
Andrea Vesalius (1514-1564)
Professor of anatomy and surgery
Doctor family
Maximillian 1
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (1543), charles V
He described the omentum and its connections with the
stomach, the spleen and the colon
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
METHOD OF CONTROLLING HEMORRHAGE
Ambroise Paré (1510-1590)
an army surgeon
other surgeons boiling oil as a means of cauterizing fresh
gunshot wounds
Paré use of a less irritating emollient of egg yolk, rose oil,
and turpentine
performing an amputation to ligate individual blood
vessels
"Je le pansay. Dieu le guérit,
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF
SURGICAL DISEASES
John Hunter (1728-1793)
A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-Shot Wounds
(1794)
experimental animal surgery as a way to understand the
pathophysiologic basis of surgical diseases
research and clinical work of separate organ systems, with
comparisons of these systems, from the simplest animal
or plant to humans, demonstrating the interaction of
structure and function.
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
ANESTHESIA
In the preanesthetic era, surgeons were forced to be more concerned about the speed
with which an operation was completed
By the early 1830s chloroform, ether, and nitrous oxide
On October 16, 1846, William T.G. Morton (1819-1868), a Boston dentist, persuaded
John Collins Warren (1778-1856), professor of surgery at the Massachusetts
General Hospital administer sulfuric ether to a surgical patient from whom
Warren went on to remove a small, congenital vascular tumor of the neck
painlessly.
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
ANTISEPSIS, ASEPSIS, AND UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF INFECTION
Joseph Lister’s (1827-1912)
antisepsis in the treatment of wounds and the performance of
surgical operations preventing surgical infection
method of destroying bacteria by excessive heat could not be
applied to a surgical patient
By 1865, Lister was instilling pure carbolic acid into wounds
and onto dressings
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
X-RAYS
Especially prominent among other late 19th century discoveries
had an enormous impact on the evolution of surgery
research conducted by Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)
invisible rays capable of passing through solid objects,
his hand were able to be revealed on a specially treated photographic plate.
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
much of the deep suppuration found in wounds was created by previously
contaminated silk ligatures
Lister developed sterile absorbable sutures
Sumber : Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological
Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
Prehistorical humans, using the most rudimentary surgical instruments,
were able to bore open a human skull
It is more likely that trephinations were carried out for spiritual or magical
reasons and used in cases of epilepsy, headache, or mental illness
From ancient Egypt the Edwin Smith papyrus, written around
1600 BC surgical problems
Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springer
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Numerous "schools" of medicine (associations of philosophers,
priest-physicians, practitioners, and students)
"father of modem medicine,“ Hippocrates
He was able to disassociate medicine permanently from the
religious mysticism
A collection of 72 medical works has become known as the
Corpus Hippocraticum
Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springer
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Cornelius Celsus (25 BC to AD 50)
description of the characteristics of inflammations: redness, swelling, heat, and pain
(rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor, respectively)
Galen (AD 129-199)
Chief surgeon to the Roman gladiators
the use of various surgical instruments
Discussion of inflammation and tumors
Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springer
THE MIDDLE / MEDIEVAL AGES
monks were forbidden to perform surgical operations
this skill fell mostly to the "barbers“
By the 13th and 14th centuries, surgical techniques were beginning to mature at the
hands of barber-surgeons
Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springer
School of Salerno
situated near Naples on the Gulf of Paestum
The most important of early medieval surgical manuscripts, “the Bamberg Surgery”
covering wounds and fractures of the skull, general wounds of the body, surgical lesions of eye
and ear, diseases of the skin, fractures and dislocations, hemorrhoids, herniorrhaphy,
bloodletting, and cautery
Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springer
THE RENAISSANCE
the great revival of learning via the arts, humanities, and growth of scientific
thought
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564
De Humani Corporis Fabrica provide anatomical dissection
Also research on the vascular system and the question of the circulation of blood
each European country began to develop its own recognizable practice of surgery.
Sumber : Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springer
REFERENCE
Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th edition. 2012. The Biological Basis of Modern
Surgical Practice. Canada : Elsevier.
Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. 2nd edition. 2008. USA : Springer.
