POWER SUPPLY

Topics to be Discussed LOGO

Introduction to Power Supply

Transformer
Rectifier
Filter
Percent Regulation
Voltage Regulator
Voltage Multiplier
POWER SUPPLY LOGO

Is necessary for all electronic circuits to

work.
A device that supplies electric power to a
load.
For electronic circuits made up of transistors
or ICs, a power supply must produce a DC
voltage of usually smaller value.
 LOGO

What is the difference between a POWER

SUPPLY and a POWER SOURCE?
 LOGO

A power supply is a more specific term

pertaining to a device that supplies power to
a load. A power source is a general term for
any material, device, or entity that produces
electricity or power.
 LOGO

When you charge a cellphone, which

is/are the power supply and which is/are
the power source?
 LOGO

The charger is the power supply.

The battery, the outlet and the charger will be
the power sources.
POWER SUPPLY TYPES LOGO

 Battery
 AC power supply
 DC power supply
 AC/DC power supply
 Linear Regulated Power supply
 Switched-mode power supply
 Programmable power supply
 High-Voltage power supply
LOGO
DC POWER SUPPLY LOGO

One that supplies one or more DC voltage to

a load by converting the AC voltage to its
input.
The input may be a
120-volt, 60 Hz or a
240-volt, 50 Hz AC
power line.
DC POWER SUPPLY LOGO

Its two types are FIXED and VARIABLE DC

power supply.
Fixed type can only produce a single output
voltage (common are either 48, 24, 15, 12, 9, 5,
3.3, 1.8, or 1.2 volts)
Variable type can produce any output as desired
with limiting values (any value from 1.2 to 48
volts).
COMPONENTS OF A DC POWER SUPPLY LOGO
TRANSFORMER LOGO

  is a static electrical device that transfers energy

by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. A varying current in the primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic
flux through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic flux induces a varying 
electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the
secondary winding.
 LOGO

Is a transformer required in any power

supply?
 LOGO

No. A power supply without a transformer may still

work, in cases where the DC output voltage required
is the same as the AC input voltage level.
Basic principles LOGO
TRANSFORMER LOGO

Any transformer has a turns ratio which

determines the amount of voltage that comes
out of it.
For example, a transformer with a turns ratio
of 10 to 1 would convert the 120-volt, 60 Hz
input sine wave into a 12 volt sine wave.
 LOGO

A power-supply transformer has a turns

ratio of 5:1. What is the secondary
voltage if the primary is connected to a
120 V rms source?
 LOGO

24 V rms
Induction law LOGO

The transformer is based on two

principles:

• that an electric current can produce a 

magnetic field 
•that a changing magnetic field within a coil
of wire induces a voltage across the ends of
the coil (electromagnetic induction)
LOGO
Real transformer deviations from ideal LOGO

The ideal model neglects the following basic linear aspects in

real transformers:
Core losses collectively called magnetizing current losses consisting of:
 Hysteresis losses due to nonlinear application of the voltage applied
in the transformer core
 Eddy current losses due to joule heating in core proportional to the
square of the transformer's applied voltage.
Whereas the ideal windings have no impedance, the windings in
a real transformer have finite non-zero impedances in the form
of:
 Joule losses due to resistance in the primary and secondary windings
 Leakage flux that escapes from the core and passes through one
winding only resulting in primary and secondary reactive impedance.
Leakage flux LOGO
Equivalent circuit LOGO
Basic transformer parameters and construction LOGO

 Effect of frequency
 Energy losses
Transformer losses arise from:
1. Winding joule losses
2. Core losses
 Magnetostriction related to transformer hum
 Stray losses
 Mechanical vibration and audible noise
transmission
Core form and shell form transformers LOGO
Construction LOGO

 Cores

 Cooling
 Insulation drying
 Bushings
Classification parameters LOGO

Transformers can be classified in many ways, such as

the following:
 Power capacity: From a fraction of a volt-ampere
(VA) to over a thousand MVA.
 Duty of a transformer: Continuous, short-time,
intermittent, periodic, varying.
 Frequency range: Power-frequency, 
audio-frequency, or radio-frequency.
 Voltage class: From a few volts to hundreds of
kilovolts.
 LOGO

 Cooling type: Dry and liquid-immersed - self-cooled,

forced air-cooled; liquid-immersed - forced oil-
cooled, water-cooled.
 Circuit application: Such as power supply,
impedance matching, output voltage and current
stabilizer or circuit isolation.
 Utilization: Pulse, power, distribution, rectifier, 
arc furnace, amplifier output, etc.
 Basic magnetic form: Core form, shell form.
 LOGO

 Constant-potential transformer descriptor: Step-up,

step-down, isolation.
 General winding configuration: By EIC vector group
 - various possible two-winding combinations of the
phase designations delta, wye or star, and 
zigzag or interconnected star;[j] other -
autotransformer, Scott-T, 
zigzag grounding transformer winding.
 Rectifier phase-shift winding configuration: 2-
winding, 6-pulse; 3-winding, 12-pulse; . . . n-
winding, [n-1]*6-pulse; polygon; etc..
Types LOGO

A wide variety of transformer designs are used for

different applications, though they share several
common features. Important common transformer
types include:
 Autotransformer: Transformer in which part of the winding
is common to both primary and secondary circuits.
 Capacitor voltage transformer: Transformer in which
capacitor divider is used to reduce high voltage before
application to the primary winding.
 LOGO

 Distribution transformer, power transformer: International

standards make a distinction in terms of distribution
transformers being used to distribute energy from
transmission lines and networks for local consumption and
power transformers being used to transfer electric energy
between the generator and distribution primary circuits.
 Phase angle regulating transformer: A specialised
transformer used to control the flow of real power on three-
phase electricity transmission networks.
 LOGO

 Scott-T transformer: Transformer used for phase

transformation from three-phase to two-phase and vice
versa.
 Polyphase transformer: Any transformer with more than one
phase.
 Grounding transformer: Transformer used for grounding
three-phase circuits to create a neutral in a three wire
system, using a wye-delta transformer, or more commonly,
a zigzag grounding winding.
 LOGO

 Leakage transformer: Transformer that has loosely coupled

windings.
 Resonant transformer: Transformer that uses resonance to
generate a high secondary voltage.
 Audio transformer: Transformer used in audio equipment.
 Output transformer: Transformer used to match the output
of a valve amplifier to its load.
 Instrument transformer: Potential or current transformer
 used to accurately and safely represent voltage, current or
phase position of high voltage or high power circuits
 LOGO

en d
the
RECTIFIER LOGO

The rectifier converts the AC sine wave into a

pulsating DC wave.
All rectifiers are made up of diodes.
The output of a rectifier is a PULSATING DC.
Its two types are HALF-WAVE and FULL-
WAVE.
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER LOGO

• The half wave rectifier produces

one sine pulse for each cycle of
the input sine wave.
• When the sine wave goes
positive, the anode of the diode
goes positive causing the diode
to be forward biased. The diode
conducts and acts like a closed
switch letting the positive pulse
of the sine wave to appear across
the load resistor.
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER LOGO

• When the sine wave goes

negative, the anode will be
negative so the diode will be
reverse biased and no current
will flow.
• No negative voltage will appear
across the load. The load
voltage will be zero during the
time of the negative half cycle.
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER LOGO

Unlike the half-wave, a full-wave rectifier

produces an output pulse for each half cycle of
the input sine wave.
Two of its most familiar types are BRIDGE and
CENTER-TAP.
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER LOGO

 More widely used than center-

tapped rectifier, using four diodes
(D1 to D4).
 On the positive half cycle of the
input sine wave, D1 and D2 are
forward biased acting as closed
switches appearing in series with
the load.
 On the negative half cycle, D1 and
D2 are reverse biased and D3 and
D4 are forward biased so current
flows through the load in the same
direction.
 CENTER-TAPPED RECTIFIER LOGO

 Uses only two diodes but a center-

tap transformer is required.
 During the positive half cycle, the
upper diode is forward-biased or
closed while the lower diode is
reverse-biased or open
 During the negative half cycle, the
lower diode is forward-biased and
the upper diode is reverse-biased.
BRIDGE VERSUS CENTER-TAPPED LOGO
A center-tap rectifier saves on the diodes used
compared to a diode bridge (2 vs. 4). The
former also has less diode drops in each half-
cycle (0.7V vs. 1.4V).
However, center-tap transformers are more
expensive than the transformers used in bridge
and are harder to find.
True or False LOGO

The diode in a half-wave rectifier conducts

for half the input cycle.
True or False LOGO

The diode in a half-wave rectifier conducts for half

the input cycle.
True or False LOGO

The output frequency of a half-wave

rectifier is twice the input frequency.
True or False LOGO

The output frequency of a half-wave rectifier is

twice the input frequency.
True or False LOGO

The output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is

twice the input frequency.
True or False LOGO

The output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is

twice the input frequency.
True or False LOGO

In a bridge rectifier, two diodes

conduct during each half cycle of
the input.
True or False LOGO

In a bridge rectifier, two diodes

conduct during each half cycle of the
input.
True or False LOGO

Each diode in a bridge rectifier

conducts at least once for the entire
input cycle.
True or False LOGO

Each diode in a bridge rectifier

conducts at least once for the entire
input cycle.
FILTER LOGO

A capacitor or capacitor circuit that is used to

reduce the variation of the output voltage from
a rectifier.
The output of a filter is a RIPPLED DC.
Two most widely used filters are CAPACITOR-
INPUT filter and RC filter.
 CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER LOGO

A large capacitor is
connected across
the load resistor
When the diode
conducts, the
capacitor charges
up to the peak of
the sine wave.
 CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER LOGO

Then when the sine

voltage drops, the charge
on the capacitor remains.
Since the capacitor is
large it forms a long time
constant with the load
resistor. The capacitor
slowly discharges into the
load maintaining a more
constant output.
 CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER LOGO

The next positive

pulse comes along
recharging the
capacitor and the
process continues.
*RIPPLE LOGO

Ripple is a small variation riding on the DC

output prior to small capacitor discharges
between the positive and negative pulses.
The ripple appears to be sawtooth-shaped and
is considered AC.
A small amount of ripple can be tolerated in
some circuits, and the lower the better.
 LOGO

The ripple can be reduced

further by making the
capacitor __________.
(smaller, larger,
untouched)
Rectifier Ripple Factor LOGO

Half-Wave Full-Wave
DC output: DC output:
V
dc
 0.318V
m
Vdc  0.636Vm
AC ripple output: AC ripple output:
Vr(rms)  0.385Vm Vr(rms)  0.308Vm
Ripple factor: Ripple factor:
Vr(rms) Vr(rms)
%r   100 %r   100
Vdc Vdc
0.385Vm 0.308 Vm
  100  121%   100  48%
0.318Vm 0.636 Vm

59
 Capacitor Input Filter LOGO

Ripple voltage
I dc 2.4I dc 2.4Vdc
Vr(rms)   
4 3fC C RLC
The larger the capacitor the smaller the
ripple voltage.

DC output
I dc 4.17I dc
Vdc  Vm   Vm 
4fC C

Ripple factor
Vr(rms) 2.4I dc 2.4
%r   100   100   100
Vdc CVdc RLC

60
RC FILTER LOGO

A resistor-capacitor combination which further

reduces the amount of ripple better than
capacitor-input filters.
RC filters (R and C2 as
an example) are usually
connected in parallel to
a capacitor-input filter
(C1).
Are filters that are used in power supplies high-pass or
LOGO
low-pass?

Low-pass. DC voltages have a frequency of 0

Hz. Since low-pass filters pass the lower
frequencies including zero Hertz, it is ideal to
use on power supplies.
RC FILTER LOGO

An RC filter operates on both DC and AC since

its input waves have both DC and AC
components. For the DC operation:
Sample Problem LOGO

Calculate the dc voltage across a 1-kΩ

load for an RC filter section (R = 120 Ω,
C = 10μF). The dc voltage across the
initial filter capacitor is Vdc = 60V.
Sample Problem LOGO

Calculate the dc voltage across a 1-kΩ

load for an RC filter section (R = 120 Ω,
C = 10μF). The dc voltage across the
initial filter capacitor is Vdc = 60V.
RC FILTER LOGO

For the AC operation of an RC filter:

Sample Problem LOGO

The following are given in an RC filter circuit:

Vdc = 150V, Vr(rms) = 15V, C1 = 15μF, R =
500Ω, C2 = 10 μF, RL = 5kΩ. Calculate V’dc,
V’r(rms), and the ripple r at the output.
Sample Problem LOGO

The following are given in an RC filter circuit:

Vdc = 150V, Vr(rms) = 15V, C1 = 15μF, R =
500Ω, C2 = 10 μF, RL = 5kΩ. Calculate V’dc,
V’r(rms), and the ripple r at the output.
REGULATOR LOGO

An electronic circuit or device that maintains

an essentially constant output voltage for a
range of input voltage or load values.
Regulators are classified as either DISCRETE
or INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC). Both discrete
and IC regulators are further classified as
either LINEAR or SWITCHING types.
DISCRETE REGULATORS LOGO

These types of regulator use discrete

components (transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.)
that are connected to maintain a desired output
voltage.
DISCRETE LINEAR REGULATORS LOGO

These types of regulator make use of a control

element (usually a transistor) to operate in the
linear region. They are further classified as
either SERIES or SHUNT:
DISCRETE SWITCHING REGULATORSLOGO

These types of regulator use a control element

to operate as a switch, turning on and off. They
are further classified as STEP-DOWN, STEP-
UP, and INVERTING:
DISCRETE SWITCHING REGULATORSLOGO
STEP-DOWN or BUCK CONVERTER has an
output voltage that is less than the input voltage.
STEP-UP or BOOST CONVERTER has an
output voltage that is higher than the input
voltage.
INVERTING or BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
has an output that is 180 degrees out-of-phase
with the input.
IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS LOGO

IC voltage regulators can also be classified as

either LINEAR or SWITCHING. Linear IC
regulators are further divided into four types,
based on their output voltages:
a. Fixed Positive
b. Fixed Negative
c. Adjustable Positive
d. Adjustable Negative
FIXED POSITIVE LINEAR VOLTAGE REGULATOR LOGO

Standard Configuration for 78xx regulator

FIXED POSITIVE LINEAR VOLTAGE REGULATOR
LOGO

The two capacitors used in the configuration

are optional. The input capacitor (left) filters
the input and prevents unwanted oscillations
while the output capacitor (right) acts basically
as a line filter to improve transient response.
All capacitors used in IC regulators are also for
decoupling and do not affect the dc operation.
THE 78XX SERIES LOGO
THE 78XX SERIES LOGO

The 78xx series can produce output currents up

to more than 1 A.
The input voltage must be at least about 2.5V
above the output voltage in order to maintain
regulation.
 LOGO

What must be the minimum input voltage of a

7815 regulator in order to maintain regulation?
+ 17.5 V
78XX TYPICAL PACKAGES LOGO
HEATSINK IN IC REGULATORS LOGO

Heatsink is a common feature in all IC

regulators in which the regulator cools itself by
dissipating heat into the surrounding air.
Heatsink protects regulators from THERMAL
OVERLOAD, which occurs when the internal
power dissipation of the regulator becomes and
its temperature becomes excessively higher.
FIXED NEGATIVE LINEAR VOLTAGE REGULATOR LOGO

Standard Configuration for 79xx regulator

THE 79XX SERIES LOGO
THE 79XX SERIES LOGO

The 79xx series is the negative-voltage

counterpart of the 78xx series and shares most
of the latter’s features and characteristics,
except the pin designations.
 LOGO

What must be the minimum input voltage of a

7905.2 regulator in order to maintain regulation?
– 7.7 V
ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE LVR LOGO

Standard Configuration for LM317 regulator

THE LM317 LOGO

LM317 is the most familiar example of an

adjustable positive LVR.
Unlike in 78xx/79xx series, LM317 has no
ground terminal. Instead, it was replaced with
an adjustment terminal.
The configuration uses 3 capacitors, a fixed
resistor R1, and an external variable resistor
R2.
THE LM317 LOGO

Unlike fixed output voltages for 78xx/79xx

series, the output voltage for a single LM317
regulator can be adjusted from +1.2V to +37V
depending on the values of R1 and R2.
LM317 can provide over 1.5A of output current
to a load.
Since indirectly connected to ground, LM317 is
considered a “floating” regulator.
SETTING THE OUTPUT FOR LM317 LOGO

To determine the output voltage Vout of an

LM317 circuit with R1 and R2 given:
assume a constant 1.25V reference voltage
(Vref) between the output terminal and
adjustment terminal.
assume a current of 50μA across the
adjustment terminal.
SETTING THE OUTPUT FOR LM317 LOGO
 LOGO

Determine the minimum and maximum output

voltages for the voltage regulator below. What is
the output voltage of the regulator if R2is set at
2kΩ?
ADJUSTABLE NEGATIVE LVR LOGO

Standard Configuration for LM337 regulator

THE LM337 LOGO

LM337, the most familiar example of an

adjustable negative LVR, is the negative
counterpart of LM317.
Its output voltage can be adjusted from -1.2V
to -37V, depending on the values of R1 and R2.
 LOGO
PIN DESIGNATION SUMMARY FOR LINEAR IC REGULATORS

IC LVR PIN 1 PIN 2 PIN 3

78XX Input Ground Output
79XX Ground Input Output
LM317 Adjustment Output Input
LM337 Adjustment Input Output
IC SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORS LOGO

The two typical examples of SVR are the

ADP1612/ADP1613 step-up (boost) regulator
and the ADP2300/ADP2301 step-down (buck)
regulator:
LINEAR VERSUS SWITCHING REGULATORS
LOGO

Switching regulators are more efficient than

linear regulators and can be configured in a
number of ways (step-up/step-down/inverting
versus step-down).
Linear regulators, however, are much cheaper
and easier to use and configure as they occupy
less PCB space (only 3 terminals).
PERCENT REGULATION LOGO

A figure of merit that is used to specify the

performance of a regulator.
Can be expressed as either LINE
REGULATION or LOAD REGULATION.
LINE REGULATION LOGO

Line regulation is defined as the ratio of a

change in output voltage for a corresponding
change in the input voltage expressed as a
percentage:
LINE REGULATION LOGO
What is the ideal line regulation? LOGO

a. 0 % and 0 %/V

b. 100 % and 100 %/V
c. 0 % and 100 %/V
d. 100 % and 0 %/V
e. none of the above
 LOGO

The input to the regulator decreases by 5V, and

the output of the regulator decreases by 0.25V.
The nominal output is 15V. Determine the line
regulation in %/V.
LOAD REGULATION LOGO

Load regulation specifies how much change occurs in the

output voltage over a certain range of load current values,
usually from minimum current (no load, NL) to maximum
current (full load, FL):
What is the ideal load regulation? LOGO

a. 0 % and 0 %/mA

b. 100 % and 100 %/mA
c. 0 % and 100 %/mA
d. 100 % and 0 %/mA
e. none of the above
 LOGO

A 7805 regulator has a measured no-load

output voltage of 5.18V and a full-load
output of 5.15V. What is the % load
regulation?
 LOGO

A regulator has a no-load output voltage of 18V

and a full-load output of 17.8V at a load current of
50mA. Determine the voltage regulation as a
percentage change from no-load to full-load and
also a percentage change for each mA change in
load current.
VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER LOGO

Use clamping action to increase peak rectified voltages

without the necessity of increasing the transformer's
voltage rating.
Multiplication factors of two, three, and four are
common.
Used in high-voltage, low-current applications such as
TV receivers.
 LOGO

Voltage Doubler
-Is a voltage multiplier with a multiplication factor of
two.
• HALF-WAVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
• FULL-WAVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
 HALF-WAVE DOUBLER LOGO

During the positive

half-cycle of the
secondary voltage
(left), diode D1 is
forward biased and D2
is reversed
biased.Capacitor C1 is
charged to the peak of
the secondary voltage
(Vp) less the diode
drop with the polarity
shown.
 HALF-WAVE DOUBLER LOGO

During the negative

half-cycle (right), diode
D2 is forward biased and
D1 is reverse-biased.
Since C1 can't
discharge, the peak
voltage on C1 adds to
the secondary voltage to
change C2 to
approximately 2Vp.
 HALF-WAVE DOUBLER LOGO

Applying Kirchhoff’s
law around the loop, the
voltage across C2 is
Vc1-Vc2+Vp=0
Vc2=Vp+Vc1
Neglecting the diode
drop of D2,
Vc1= Vp, Therefore,
Vc2= Vp + Vp = 2Vp
 Full- Wave Voltage Doubler LOGO

When the secondary

voltage is positive (left),
D1 is forward biased and
C1 charges to
approximately Vp.
During the negative
half-cycle (right), D2 is
forward biased and C2
charges approximately
Vp, as shown in part b.
The output voltage, 2Vp,
is taken across the
capacitor in series.
 LOGO

Voltage Tripler
-The addition of another diode-capacitor section to the
half wave voltage doubler creates a voltage tripler.
 VOLTAGE TRIPLER LOGO

 On the positive half-

cycle of the secondary
voltage, C1 charges to Vp
through D1.
 During the negative
half-cycle, c2 charges to
2Vp through D2, as
described for the doubler.
 During the next
positive half-cycle, C3
charges to 2vp through
D3. The tripler output is
taken across C1 and C3,
as shown
 VOLTAGE QUADRUPLER LOGO

The addition of still

another diode-capacitor
section produces an output
four times the peak
secondary voltage.
C4 charges to 2Vp
through D4 on a negative
half-cycle. The 4Vp output
is taken across C2 and C4.
 In both the tripler and
quadrupler circuits, the
PIV of each diode is 2V