1) The Laplace transform allows solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations in the complex s-domain, making them easier to solve.
2) Fourier series express a function as the sum of sinusoids, with coefficients determined by the function's values. They have applications in representing periodic functions and solving partial differential equations.
3) The Fourier series of an even function contains only cosine terms, while an odd function's series contains only sine terms. The coefficients can be determined from the function's values using integrals over its period.
1) The Laplace transform allows solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations in the complex s-domain, making them easier to solve.
2) Fourier series express a function as the sum of sinusoids, with coefficients determined by the function's values. They have applications in representing periodic functions and solving partial differential equations.
3) The Fourier series of an even function contains only cosine terms, while an odd function's series contains only sine terms. The coefficients can be determined from the function's values using integrals over its period.
1) The Laplace transform allows solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations in the complex s-domain, making them easier to solve.
2) Fourier series express a function as the sum of sinusoids, with coefficients determined by the function's values. They have applications in representing periodic functions and solving partial differential equations.
3) The Fourier series of an even function contains only cosine terms, while an odd function's series contains only sine terms. The coefficients can be determined from the function's values using integrals over its period.
1) The Laplace transform allows solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations in the complex s-domain, making them easier to solve.
2) Fourier series express a function as the sum of sinusoids, with coefficients determined by the function's values. They have applications in representing periodic functions and solving partial differential equations.
3) The Fourier series of an even function contains only cosine terms, while an odd function's series contains only sine terms. The coefficients can be determined from the function's values using integrals over its period.
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Laplace domain
Laplace transform
Time domain Look-up table
t-shifting s-shifting
u(t ) 1/ s (t ) 1 Applications
f (t ) * g (t ) F ( s )G ( s )
Solving differential Equations
Review: Periodic Functions
f (t )
0 p 2p 3p … t
f ( x np ) f ( x ) haf bg h( x np ) h( x ) g ( x np ) g ( x ) Review: Series • Sequence 1 1 1 1, , , , 2 3 n N 1 • Partial summation of a sequence SN n 1 n • Convergence / divergence
1 1 1 1 lim (1 )? n 1! 2! 3! (n 1)! lim (sin sin 2 sin( n 1) ) ? n Trigonometric Series a0 (a n cos nx bn sin nx ) n 1
1, cos x , sin x , cos 2 x , sin 2 x ,, cos nx , sin nx
• Form a basis – linearly independent • Orthogonal cos mx cos nxdx 0 (m n) sin mx sin nxdx 0 (m n) cos mx sin nxdx 0 Fourier Series: p=2π f ( x ) a0 (an cos nx bn sin nx ) n 1 1 a0 f ( x )dx 2 1 an f ( x ) cos nxdx n 1,2, 1 bn f ( x ) sin nxdx n 1,2, • Fourier Series may not converge to f(x) f ( x ) ~ a0 (an cos nx bn sin nx ) n1 Fourier Series: p=2L
n n f ( x ) a0 (an cos x bn sin x) n1 L L 1 L a0 f ( x )dx 2 L L 1 L n an f ( x ) cos xdx n 1,2, L L L 1 L n bn f ( x ) sin xdx n 1,2, L L L Even & Odd Functions • Even function: g ( x ) g ( x )
• Odd function: h( x ) h( x )
Key facts L L • Even g ( x )dx 2 g ( x )dx L 0
• Odd h( x )dx 0 L
• Product of even and odd is odd
Theorem 1 • Fourier cosine series • Fourier sine series – f(x) is an even function – f(x) is an odd function – p=2L – p=2L
n n f ( x ) a0 an cos x f ( x ) bn sin x n1 L n1 L 1L a0 f ( x )dx L0 2L n bn f ( x ) sin xdx 2L n L0 L an f ( x ) cos xdx L0 L n 1,2, n 1,2, Theorem 2
• Fourier coefficients of f1+f2 are the sums of the
corresponding Fourier coefficients of f1 and f2
• Fourier coefficients if cf are c times the
corresponding Fourier coefficients of f Half-range Expansions For f ( x ), 0 x L, f (t )
