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L2 Vector Algebra

The document provides information about vector algebra. It defines vectors and differentiates them from scalars. It discusses representing vectors geometrically using arrows and components in rectangular coordinate systems. It covers basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. It also defines the norm of a vector and introduces unit vectors. The document aims to teach students to define vectors, find vector norms, and perform basic algebraic operations with vectors.

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Ryan Jhay Yang
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
281 views28 pages

L2 Vector Algebra

The document provides information about vector algebra. It defines vectors and differentiates them from scalars. It discusses representing vectors geometrically using arrows and components in rectangular coordinate systems. It covers basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. It also defines the norm of a vector and introduces unit vectors. The document aims to teach students to define vectors, find vector norms, and perform basic algebraic operations with vectors.

Uploaded by

Ryan Jhay Yang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VECTOR ALGEBRA

MATH23
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
GENERAL OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Define Vectors and Differentiate it against scalar quantities


• Find the norms of a vector
• Perform Basic Algebraic with given vectors
Vectors
Definition: A vector is a quantity which has both a
magnitude and a direction.

Examples:
1.Velocity - The wind speed and wind direction together
form a vector quantity called the wind velocity.
Example of wind velocity is 20mi/hr northeast.
2.Displacement- The displacement of 3=(+3) describes a
position change of 3 units in the positive direction, and a
displacement of -3 describes a position change of 3 units
in the negative direction.
Vectors
Examples:
3.Force - The arrow in figure below shows a force
vector of 10lb acting in a specific direction in the
block.

10lb

A force acting on a block


Scalars
Definition: A quantity which can be described
by a magnitude only is called a scalar.
Examples:
1.area 3 mass
2.Length 4. temperature
Vectors Viewed Geometrically
Vectors can be viewed geometrically by
arrows in 2-space or 3-space; the direction of the
arrow specifies the direction of the vector and the
length of the arrow describes its magnitude.
The tail of the arrow is called the initial point
of the vector, and the tip of the arrow the terminal
point.
Terminal point
v

Initial point

Notations:
We will denote the vectors with lowercase type with an arrow
over it such as v , w and x
Vectors in Rectangular Coordinate System
A. Vector with Initial Point at the Origin
A vector v is positioned with its initial point at
the origin and terminal point (v1 , v2 ) or (v1 , v2 , v3 ).
The coordinates of the terminal point of v are called
the components of v. Thus,
v = <v1 , v2 > or v = <v1 , v2 , v3 >
y
(v1,v 2 )
v

(0,0)
x
Vectors in Rectangular Coordinate System
B. Vector with Initial Point not at the Origin
(2-space)
Theorem: If P1 P2 is a vector in 2-space with initial
point P1 (x1 , y1) and terminal point P2 (x2 , y2 ), then
P1 P2 = <x2 – x1 , y2 – y1 >
y P2 (x 2 , y 2 )
P1P2

P1(x1, y1 )
x
Vectors in Rectangular Coordinate System
B. Vector with Initial Point not at the Origin
Similarly, if P1 P2 is a vector in 3-space with initial point P1
(x1 , y1, z1 ) and terminal point P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), then
P1 P2 = < x2– x1 , y2 – y1 , z2 - z1>

z P2 (x 2 , y 2 )
P1P2

P1(x1, y1 )
O (0,0,0) y

x
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space
Examples:
1.Find the components of the vector P1 Pif2
P1(-1, 5) and P2(4, 1) and sketch an equivalent
vector with its initial point with the origin.

2.Find the components of the vector P1 Pif2


P1(2, 0, 4) and P2(0, 3, 4) and sketch an
equivalent vector with its initial point with the origin.
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space
Properties:
1. Equal vectors
Two vectors, v and w, are equal (also called
equivalent) if they have the same length and same
direction.
Geometrically, two vectors are equal if they
are translations of one another or they are in
different positions.

2. Equivalent Vectors
Theorem: Two vectors are equivalent if and only if
their corresponding components are equal.
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space
Examples:
1. Two vectors <a+3, b-2, c+2> and <1, -4, 2>
are equivalent if and only if a=-2, b = -2 and
c=0.
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space
Basic Operations on Vectors
If v = <v1 , v2> and w = <w1 , w2> are vectors in
2-space and k is any scalar, then the

a) Sum
v + w = <v1 + w1 , v2 + w2 >
b) Difference
v – w = <v1 – w1 , v2 – w2 >
c) Scalar Multiplication
kv = <kv1 , kv2>
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space
Arithmetic Operations on Vectors
Similarly, if v = <v1 , v2 , v3 > and
w = <w1 , w2 , w3 > are vectors in 3-space and k is
any scalar, then
a) Sum
v + w = <v1 + w1 , v2 + w2 , v3 + w3 >
b) Difference
v – w = <v1 – w1, v2 – w2, v3 – w3>
c) Scalar Multiple
kv = <kv1 , kv2, kv3>
Scalar Multiplication
Note:

kv is defined to be the vector whose length is


k times the length of v and whose direction is
the same as that of v , if k > 0 and opposite to that
of v if k<0.

Illustration:
3
1  v
v 2v 2
v
v 2
Vectors in Rectangular Coordinate System
Examples
1) If v  2,0,1  and w  3,5,4 , find
a) v  w b) 3v
c) -w d) w  2v
Vectors
Norm of a Vector
The distance between the initial and terminal
points of a vector v is called the length, the norm,
or the magnitude of v and is denoted by ǁvǁ.
Thus, if is a vector in 2-space, then
the norm of v isgiven
v1,v 2 by
v v  v12  v 22

If is a vector in 3-space, then


 v1,v 2 ,is
the normvof 
v 3given by
v v  v12  v 22  v 23
Vectors
Example:
1. Find the norm of v if
a ) v  1,4, 3 
b) v  5, 2 
c) v  P1 P2 where P (2,0,3) and P2( 0 ,1, 4 )
Vectors
Unit Vector
A vector of length 1 is called a unit vector.
In xy coordinate system, the unit vectors along
the x and y axes are denoted by i and j
respectively; and in xyz coordinate system the
unit vectors along the x, y and z axes are
denoted by i, j and k respectively. Thus,
2 space: i = <1, 0>, j = <0, 1>
3-space: i = <1, 0, 0>, j = <0, 1, 0>, k =
<0, 0, 1>
Unit Vectors
y
y

j
k
j i O i x
O
x
z
Vectors
Every vector in 2-space is expressible in
terms of i and j, and every vector in 3-space is
expressible in terms of i, j, and k as follows:
v  v1,v 2 
 v1,0    0,v 2 
 v1  1,0  v 2  0,1 
 v1i  v 2 j

v  v1,v 2 ,v 3 
 v1,0,0    0,v 2 ,0    0,0,v 3 
 v1  1,0,0  v 2  0,1,0  v 3  0,0,1 
 v1i  v 2 j  v 3k
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space
Unit Vector in the Direction of v
If v  v1,v 2 , then the unit vector in the
direction ofv can be found by
v
uv 
v
The process of multiplying a vector by the
reciprocal of its length to obtain a unit vector with
the same direction is called normalizingv .
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space

Examples
1. Find a unit vector that has the same
direction as v  2i  2 j  k

2. Find vector that is same direction as the


vector from the point A(-1, 2, 0) to the point
B(3, 1, 1).
Vectors in Three Dimensional Space
Vector Determined by Length and Angle
If v is nonzero vector with its initial point at the
origin of an xy coordinate system, and if θ is the angle
from the positive x-axis to the radial line through v ,
then the x-components of can be written as ǁvǁ cos θ and
the y-components as ǁvǁ sin θ; and hence can
be expressed in trigonometric form as
v = ǁvǁ <cos θ , sin θ >
or = ǁvǁ cos θ i + ǁvǁ sin θ j
Exercise Set 11.2
Sketch the vectors with their initial points at the origin.
1. a) <-5, 4> b) 3i – 2j c) <2, 2, -1> d) 2i + 3j – 2k
2. Find the components of the vector AB and sketch an
equivalent vector with its initial point at the origin.
a) A (2, 3), B (-3, 3)b) A (3, 0, 4), B (0, 4, 4)
3. a) Find the terminal point of v = <7, 6> if the initial point
is (2, -1).
b) Find the terminal point of v = i + 2j – 3k if the initial point
is (-2, 1, 4).
4. Perform the stated operations on the given vectors
u = <2, -1, 3>, v = <4, 0, -2>, and w = <1, 1, 3>.
a) 2v – (u + w)
Exercise Set 11.2
4. Find the norm of v.
a) v = <3, 4> b) v = i + j + k
22. Find unit vectors that satisfy the stated conditions.
a) Oppositely directed to 3i – 4j.
b) Same direction as 2i – j – 2k.
c) Same direction as the vector from the point
A (-3, 2) to the point B (1, -1).
24. Find the vectors that satisfy the stated conditions.
a) Same direction as v = -2i + 3j and three times the
length of v.
b) Length 2 and oppositely directed to v = -3i + 4j + k.
Exercise Set 11.2
26. Find the component forms of v + w and v – w in 2-
space, given that ǁvǁ = 1, ǁwǁ = 1, v makes an angle
of π/6 with the positive x-axis, and w makes an angle
of 3 π/4 with the positive x-axis.
32. Let u =<-1, 1>, v =<0,1>, and w = <3, 4>. Find the
vector x that satisfies u – 2x = x – w + 3v.
34. Find u and v if u+ v = <2, -3> and 3u + 2v = <-1, 2>.
SUGGESTED READINGS
TEXTBOOKS
Anton, Howard; Bivens Irl and Davis Stephen Calculus,
Early Transcendentals, Chapter 7 pages 547 to 555
Peterson, Thurman S Calculus With Analytic Geometry,
Chapter 14 pages 289 to 292

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