The document discusses using matrices to solve systems of equations. It begins by defining what a matrix is - a rectangular array of numbers. It explains how a system of equations can be represented by a corresponding matrix, with the coefficients of the variables forming the matrix elements. Elementary row operations that can be performed on matrices are also row operations that can be done on the corresponding systems of equations. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate how to set up the matrix of a system and use row operations to put it in reduced row echelon form to solve for the variables. The key steps are to get 1s along the diagonal and 0s below the 1s.
The document discusses using matrices to solve systems of equations. It begins by defining what a matrix is - a rectangular array of numbers. It explains how a system of equations can be represented by a corresponding matrix, with the coefficients of the variables forming the matrix elements. Elementary row operations that can be performed on matrices are also row operations that can be done on the corresponding systems of equations. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate how to set up the matrix of a system and use row operations to put it in reduced row echelon form to solve for the variables. The key steps are to get 1s along the diagonal and 0s below the 1s.
The document discusses using matrices to solve systems of equations. It begins by defining what a matrix is - a rectangular array of numbers. It explains how a system of equations can be represented by a corresponding matrix, with the coefficients of the variables forming the matrix elements. Elementary row operations that can be performed on matrices are also row operations that can be done on the corresponding systems of equations. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate how to set up the matrix of a system and use row operations to put it in reduced row echelon form to solve for the variables. The key steps are to get 1s along the diagonal and 0s below the 1s.
The document discusses using matrices to solve systems of equations. It begins by defining what a matrix is - a rectangular array of numbers. It explains how a system of equations can be represented by a corresponding matrix, with the coefficients of the variables forming the matrix elements. Elementary row operations that can be performed on matrices are also row operations that can be done on the corresponding systems of equations. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate how to set up the matrix of a system and use row operations to put it in reduced row echelon form to solve for the variables. The key steps are to get 1s along the diagonal and 0s below the 1s.
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Chapter 4.
4 Solving Systems of Equations by MATRICES
Objectives Use matrices to solve a system of two equations. Use matrices to solve a system of three equations.
What is a matrix?
A matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular
array of numbers. The following are examples of matrices: a11 a12
a a 21 22
1 0
0 1
2 1 3
0 1 4
6 3 1
Matrices
The numbers aligned horizontally in a
matrix are in the same row. The numbers aligned vertically are in the same column. row 1
row 2
2 1 0 1 6 2
column column column
2 3 1
This matrix has 2
rows and 3 columns. It is called a 2 X 3 (read two by three) matrix.
How do equations and matrices
relate? System of Equations (in standard form)
2 x 3 y 6
x y0
Corresponding Matrix
2 1
3 6
1 0
The rows of the matrix correspond to the equations in the system. The Coefficients of each variable are placed to the left of the vertical dashed line. Matrices are a shorthand notation for representing systems of equations.
Elementary Row Operations
Any two rows in a matrix may be interchanged.
The elements of any row may be multiplied (or divided) by the same nonzero number. The elements of any row may be multiplied (or divided) by a nonzero number and added to their corresponding elements in any other row. Notice
that these row operations are the same
operations that we can perform on equations in a system.
Solving a system of 2 equations by
matrices Matrix 1 2
0 1
System of Equations 3
1x 2 y 3
0 x 1y 5
or
x 2 y 3
y 5
In the second equation, we have y = 5. Substituting this in
the first equation, we have x + 2(5) = -3 or x = - 13. The solution of the system in ordered pair is ( -13, 5)
Example 1:
Use matrices to solve the system:
x 3y 5
2 x y 4
Step 1: Set up the corresponding matrix
1 3 5 2 1 4
Example 1: Continued
1 3 5 2 1 4
Step 2: Use elementary row operations to write an equivalent matrix that
looks like:
1 0
b c
In the given matrix, the element in the first row is already 1, as desired. Next we write an equivalent matrix with a 0 below the 1. To do this, we multiply row 1 by -2 and add to row 2. We will change only row 2.
2(1) 2 Row 1 element
Row 2 element
3 2(3) 1
5 Simplifies to: 1 3
0 7 14 2(5) 4
Row 2 Row 1 Row 2 Row 1 element element element element
5 1 3 0 7 14
Example 1: Continued
Step 3: Now we change -7 to a 1 by use
of an elementary row operation. We dived row 2 by -7 1
0 7
3 7 7
5 1
14 simplifies to 0
3 1
5 2
Example 1: Continued
1 0
3 1
5 2
The last matrix corresponds to the system:
x 3y 5
y 2
To find x, we let y = 2 in the first equation.
x + 3(2) = 5 x = -1
The ordered pair solution is (-1, 2). Check to see that this ordered pair satisfies the equations.
Lets try another one!
x 2y 4
2 x 3 y 13
Use matrices to solve:
Step 1: Set up matrix
1 2 4 2 3 13
Simply take the coefficient
from each variable
1 a 0 1
b c
Step 2: Write an equivalent matrix that looks like:
To do this, multiply the first row by -2 and add to row 2. Leave row 1 the same!
2(1) 2
2 2(2) 3
1 simplifies to 0
2 7
2(4) 13 4 21
Lets try another one!
Step 3: Now change the -7 to 1 by using elementary row operation.
We divide row 2 by -7
1 2
0 7 7 7
21 7
1 2 simplifies to 0 1
4 3
Step 4: Write the system that corresponds to the matrix:
x 2y 4
y 3
Step 5: Substitute to find the unknown variable.
The ordered pair solution x + 2y = -4 is (2, -3) x + 2 (-3) = -4 x 6 = -4 x=2
Give it a try!
Use matrices to solve: x y 1
x 2 y 4
Solution: (2, -1)
Example 2: 2 x y 3 Use matrices to solve the system:
4 x 2 y 5
Step 1: Set up a corresponding matrix
2 4
3 5
Step 2: To get 1 in the row 1, column 1 position,
we divide the elements of row 1 by 2. 2
2 4
1 2 2
2 simplifies to
5 4
2 2
3 2
Example 2 Continued
Step 3: To get 0 under 1, we multiply the elements of
row 1 by -4 and add the new elements to the elements of row 2.
4(1) 4
1 2 1 4( ) 2 2
3 4( ) 5 2
simplifies to 1 3
2 2
0 1 0
Step 4: Write a corresponding system:
1 3
x y 2 2
0 1
The equation 0 = -1 is false for all y or x values; hence the
system has no solution!
Concept Check:
Consider the system 2 x 3 y 8
What is wrong with the corresponding
matrix shown below?
x 5y 3
2 0
Answer bottom left on page 251
3 5
8 3
Give it a try!
Use matrices to solve: 3x y 0
6x 2 y 2
Solution: Null Set
Solving a system of three equation
in three variables using matrices
The matrix must be written in the following
form:
1 0
e f
Example 3
Use matrices to solve the system:
x 2y z 2
2 x y 2 z 5 x 3y 2z 8
Step 1: Set up a corresponding matrix
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 5
1 3 2 8
Our goal is to write an equivalent matrix with 1s along the diagonalsee
the numbers in red and 0s below the 1s. The element in row 1, column 1 is already 1. Next we get 0s for each element in the rest of column 1. The numbers in blue need to get changed to zeros.
Example 3: Continued
Step 2: Multiply the elements in row 1 by 2 and add the
new elements to row 2. Multiply the elements of row 1 by -1 and add the new elements to the elements of row 3. We do not change row 1!
Green = Row 1 Pink = # multiplied by
2(1) 2 1(1) 1
2 2 1 1(2) 3
2(1) 2 1(1) 2
simplifies to 1 2 1 0 3 4
0 1 3
9 10
2(2) 5 1(2) 8
Example 3 Continued
Step 4: We continue down the diagonal and use
elementary row operations to get 1 where the element 3 is now. To do this, we interchange rows 2 and 3. 1 2 1 0 3 4
0 1 3
2 9 10
is equivalent to
1 2 1 0 1 3
0 3 4
2 10 9
Example 3: Continued
Step 5: Next we want the new row 3, column 2 element to be 0. We
multiply the elements of row 2 by -3 and add the result to the elements of row 3.
Green = Row 2 Pink = # multiplied by
3 0 0
2 1
1 3
3(1) 3
3(3) 4
3(10) 9
simplifies to 1 0
2 1 0
3 10 13 39 1
2 10
Example 3: Continued
Step 6: Finally, we divide the elements of row 3 by 13 so
that the final diagonal element is 1. 1 0
13
1 2 3 10 13 39
13 13 13 2 1 0
simplifies to 2 1 2 1 0 1 3 10
0 0 1 3
Step 7: Write the system that corresponds
to the matrix.
x 2 y z 2
y 3 z 10
z 3
nd
Step 8: Substitute z = 3 into the 2 equation
y 3(3) = -10 y 9 = -10 y = -1 Step 9: Substitute z =3 and y = -1 into the 1st equation x + 2(-1) + 3 = 2 x2+3=2 Ordered triple x+1=2 solution: x=1 (1, -1, 3)
