Intro.

Waste water (sewage) treatment

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GE N T
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 Intro:
What is wastewater treatment (Sewage) ?
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Sewage :

is combination of municipal
wastewater
and storm runoff that
originates from
household wastes,
human and animal

wastes,

industrial wastewaters,

storm runoff, and
groundwater infiltration.

 
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 Intro…
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  A house sewer (waste pipe) is a pipe conveying wastewater from an
individual structure to a common
4 sewer or other point of disposal.
 Force mains are pressurized sewer lines, which convey sewage from
a pumping station to another main or to a point of treatment or
disposal.
 A relief sewer is a sewer, which has been built to carry a portion of
the flow in a system which otherwise inadequate capacity.
 An outfall sewer is a sewer, which carries the collected waste to a
point of treatment or disposal.
 Manholes are provided in every sewer pipe at a suitable interval, so
as to facilitate their cleaning and inspection.
 In the sewers, which carry the drainage discharge either solely or in
combination with sewage, inlets called catch basins are provided to
permit entrance of storm water from street gutters.

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 Wastewater, basically the flow of used water from a

community.
 It is 99.94 percent water by weight.
 The remaining 0.06 percent is material
dissolved or suspended in the water.
 It is largely the water supply of a community
after it has been fouled by various uses

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 Generally, the source of wastewater is classified into

two (2):

I. Point source: from the specified location

Eg. From industries, commercial, house hold, etc
II. Non-point source: from large area
Eg.: storm runoff from agricultural field

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 Intro…Cont..
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 Sources and quantities of sewage
Domestic sewage
 From residential and commercial districts 
 Other sources include institutional and recreational
facilities.
 The net quantity = accounted water supplied +
unaccounted private water supplies + infiltration –
(water losses + water not entering the sewerage)

70 to 130 % of accounted water supplied

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 Intro…
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Industrial waste water

 without internal reuse: 85-95% of the
water used will probably become
wastewater.
 with internal water reuse separate
estimates must be made.
 Average wastewater may vary from 30 - 95
l/capita/d.
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 Intro…
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 Infiltration: groundwater entering sewers through

defective joints, and broken or cracked or broken pipes
and manholes.
 High during wet period, especially sewers constructed in

or close to streambeds 
 Inflow. The water discharged into a sewer system,
including service connections from such sources as roof
downspouts; basement, yard, and area drains; manhole
covers; surface runoff; street wash water; etc.

 Quantity may vary from 35 to 115 m3/km.

 Units: L/ha/day, L/km length, or L/cm diameter

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Storm sewage
 hydrological analysis: Rational method, the
SCS technique, hydrograph technique and
computer simulation techniques
 Depends on the type of precipitation, the
intensity and duration of rainfall, the
rainfall distribution, the soil moisture
deficiency, catchments characteristics, etc
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 FLUCTUATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW

 The magnitude of the peak flow relative to the mean

flow depends on the size of the contributing
population;
 the larger the population, the higher the peaking
factor since flow fluctuations are smoothed out
during the time of travel in the sewer.
 The overall variation in the sewage is maximum in
the smaller size sewers than large sizes.

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 Into…(WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
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 to meet water quality objectives for water reuse

applications and to protect public health is a critical
element of water reuse systems.
 Applied by 3R’s (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)

 General terms used to describe different degrees of

treatment, in order of increasing treatment level are,
preliminary, primary, secondary, tertiary, advanced
treatment and disinfection (final step)

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 Intro…(Goals of Wastewater Treatment)
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 The main objectives WWT are:
 Destruction of disease causing organisms
 Minimization of concentration of hazardous
chemicals entering to water bodies
 Converting wastewater to readily reusable resource
 Prevent environmental pollution of surface water,
ground water, air and soil
 Maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystem
 Preventing bad odor and unsightly conditions in the
environment

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 Intro…(WASTEWATER TREATMENT):
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Wastewater to Clean Water:

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 Intro…(WWT Hierarchy)
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 Intro…(Wastewater Sampling)
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 Sampling is the process used to select a small portion of water

or wastewater for the purpose of determining the
characteristics of an entire batch of water or
wastewater
 Largest errors are results from sampling when Samples are
taken:
 At the wrong place
 At the wrong time
 And of the wrong type
 Result: Non-representative results
Sample should represent or be typical of the
wastewater it is collected from ?

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 Intro…(Types of Samples)
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1. Grab Samples:
 also known as a catch sample
 consists of a single sample taken at a specific
time and particular point

 Grab samples are most appropriate to small plants

with low flows and limited staffs who cannot
perform continual sampling

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 Intro…(Grab Samples)
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 Limitations :
 a grab sample takes a snapshot of the
characteristics of the water at a specific point and
time
 so it may not be completely representative of
the entire flow

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 Intro…(2. Composite Samples)

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 also known as an integrated sample

 is a sample which consists of a mixture of several
individual grab samples collected at regular and specified
time periods
 give a more representative sample of the characteristics of
water at the plant over a longer period of time
 Strength :
 their ability to take into account changes in flow and other
characteristics of the water over time
 Frequently used to estimate average values over a period
(24-hour)
 Gives information over a longer period of time or space

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 Limitations :
 composite samples cannot be used for tests of
water characteristics which change during storage
(such as dissolved gases)
 or of water characteristics which change when
samples are mixed together (such as pH.)

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 Intro…(How to Composite)
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 Add equal volumes of samples collected from

different times or locations & Mix thoroughly

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 Intro…(Wastewater treatment standards)
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Effluent that discharged into the env’t (water, soil

& air) is varied from country to country based on
different factors such as:
 Economy
 Political issues
 Required qualities
 Location(receiving area)
 etc

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 Intro…(Wastewater treatment standards)
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The goal in designing a wastewater reclamation

and reuse system is to develop an integrated
cost-effective treatment scheme that is capable
of reliably meeting water quality objectives.
The degree of treatment required in individual
water treatment and wastewater reclamation
facilities varies according to:
1. Specific reuse application
2. Associated water quality requirements

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 Intro…(Wastewater treatment standards)
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 But there are some bodies that can limit effluent conc:
 Governmental Agencies monitor wastewater treatment plants.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
EPA establish a permit system called the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).
Char/c Units Avg monthly Avg weekly
of discharge Conc. Conc.
BOD5 mg/L 30 45
SS mg/L 30 45
H+ PH units 6-9 at all times
CBOD5 mg/L 25 30
Total nitrogen mg/L 10
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Figure 2–1: Schematic of a typical wastewater treatment plant

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 Reliability of conventional and
advanced wastewater treatment
 Wastewater reclamation and reuse systems
should contain both design and operational
requirements necessary to ensure
reliability of treatment.
 Reliability features such as alarm systems,
standby power supplies, treatment process
duplications, emergency storage or
disposal of inadequately treated
wastewater, monitoring devices, and
automatic controllers are important.
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 Reliability of conventional and
advanced wastewater treatment

 From a public health standpoint,

provisions for adequate and reliable
disinfection are the most essential features
of the advanced wastewater treatment
process.
 Where disinfection is required, several
reliability features must be incorporated
into the system to ensure uninterrupted
chlorine feed.
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 Intro…(Quantity of Wastewater)
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 The quantity of wastewater produced varies in

different communities and countries, depending on a
number of factors such as :
 water uses,
 climate,
 lifestyle,
 economics,
 etc.
 Approximately 60 to 85 percent of the per capita
consumption of water becomes wastewater
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 Intro…
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 SEWER SYSTEMS:
 Sewers are underground conduits to convey
wastewater and storm water to a treatment plant or
to carry storm water to the point of disposal.
 Sewers can be classified into three categories:
sanitary, storm, and combined.
 Community sewer systems, according to their
discharging types, can be divided into separated
and combined sewer systems

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Water entering a sewer system from ground

through defective connections, pipes, pipe
joints, or manhole wells is called
infiltration.
The quantity of infiltration may be equal to 3
to 5 percent of the peak hourly domestic
wastewater flow, or approximately 10
percent of the average daily flow.

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 Sewer materials
 Must be durable and strong to resist the abrasive and
corrosive properties of the wastewater.
 Some of them are:
 Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP)
 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC)
 Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP)
 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
 Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP)
 Truss Pipe

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 Fundamental prerequisite to begin the design of

wastewater facilities is determination of the design
capacity.
 The determination of wastewater flow rates consists of five
parts:
(1) selection of a design period,
(2) estimation of the population and commercial and
industrial growth,
(3) estimation of wastewater flows,
(4) estimation of infiltration and inflow, and
(5) estimation of the variability of the wastewater flow rates

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 Design Flow Rates :

 Qd-av, Qd-max, Qh-max, Qh-min, and Qp are generally used
as the basis of design for sewers, lift stations,
sewage (wastewater) treatment plants, treatment
units, and other wastewater handling facilities.
Note: sewer system and wwt designed by peak hourly
flow (Qp)
 Qp =3 Qd-av

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 Intro…(Exercise 1)
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 Estimate the average and maximum hourly flow for a

community of 10,000 persons
 Assume average water consumption = 200 L/(c . d)
 Assume 80% of water consumption goes to the sewer

i. Qhr-avg = Qday-avg
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ii. Qday-max=1.5xQday-avg

iii. Qhr-max= 1.5xQday-max

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Hence Qhr-max=1.5x1.5Qday-avg =10%Qday-avg(approximate)
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 Sewer Design (Exercise 2)
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 The following data are given:

 Sewered population = 55,000
 Average domestic wastewater flow = 100 gal/(c . d)
 Assumed infiltration flow rate = 500 gal/(d . mile) per inch of pipe diameter
 Assume peak factor is 3
 Sanitary sewer systems for the city:
 4-in house sewers = 66.6 miles
 6-in building sewers = 13.2 miles
 8-in street laterals = 35.2 miles
 12-in submains = 9.8 miles
 18-in mains = 7.4 miles

 Estimate the infiltration flow rate and its percentage of the average daily
and peak hourly domestic wastewater flows

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 Crown Corrosion
The corrosion of the crown of a44sewer is the result of
biochemical reactions in the sewage and in the condensed
moisture at the crown of the sewer.
when sewage sits for long periods or when there is little oxygen
transfer from the air in the sewer, the sewage becomes anoxic or
anaerobic.
 Under these conditions, the sulfate in the sewage is reduced to
sulfide.
At the usual pH level of domestic sewage, the sulfide is
converted to hydrogen sulfide.
In poorly ventilated sewers, moisture collects on the walls and
the crown. Hydrogen sulfide dissolves in this moisture. As such
it does no harm.
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 Crown Corrosion
Bacteria capable of oxidizing hydrogen sulfide, in
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particular those of the genus Thiobacillus, are always
present in sewage.
At high flows, these bacteria are brought to the walls and
crown where they adhere after the high flows recede.
They oxidize the hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid by the
following reaction (Sawyer et al., 2003):

This strong acid-attacks acid soluble materials such as

concrete, iron, or steel. The corroded crown fails under
the load of soil above it.
VCP and PVC pipe are not susceptible to crown
corrosion
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 Crown Corrosion
The likelihood of H2S generation
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Z factor:

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 Example
Check the potential for sulfide generation for a flow of
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1.5 l/s of wastewater with a BOD5 of 250 mg/l at 25 oC in
a sewer laid at 1 in 214 and flowing at a proportional
depth of flow of 0.2.
Solution

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 End
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