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    An Embedded C Program

    Uploaded by

    siva kumaar
    This document provides information about variable types and sizes, constants, operators, data formats, and assignment operators in embedded C programs. It lists common variable types like char, int, long, and float along with their sizes in bits and value ranges. Various numerical, character, and logical constants and their representations are outlined. Operators for arithmetic, bitwise logic, relational comparisons, and assignments are defined along with examples. Data conversion specifiers for integer, hexadecimal, floating point, and string outputs are provided.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    An Embedded C Program

    Uploaded by

    siva kumaar
    49 views10 pages
    This document provides information about variable types and sizes, constants, operators, data formats, and assignment operators in embedded C programs. It lists common variable types like char, int, long, and float along with their sizes in bits and value ranges. Various numerical, character, and logical constants and their representations are outlined. Operators for arithmetic, bitwise logic, relational comparisons, and assignments are defined along with examples. Data conversion specifiers for integer, hexadecimal, floating point, and string outputs are provided.

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    operators

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    This document provides information about variable types and sizes, constants, operators, data formats, and assignment operators in embedded C programs. It lists common variable types like char, int, long, and float along with their sizes in bits and value ranges. Various numerical, character, and logical constants and their representations are outlined. Operators for arithmetic, bitwise logic, relational comparisons, and assignments are defined along with examples. Data conversion specifiers for integer, hexadecimal, floating point, and string outputs are provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    49 views10 pages

    An Embedded C Program

    Uploaded by

    siva kumaar
    This document provides information about variable types and sizes, constants, operators, data formats, and assignment operators in embedded C programs. It lists common variable types like char, int, long, and float along with their sizes in bits and value ranges. Various numerical, character, and logical constants and their representations are outlined. Operators for arithmetic, bitwise logic, relational comparisons, and assignments are defined along with examples. Data conversion specifiers for integer, hexadecimal, floating point, and string outputs are provided.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    An Embedded C Program

    1
    Variable Types and Sizes
    Type Size(Bits) Range
    bit 1 0,1
    char 8 -128 to 127
    unsigned char 8 0 to 255
    int 16 -32768 to 32767
    short int 16 -32768 to 32767
    unsigned int 16 0 to 65535
    signed int 16 -32768 to 32767
    long int 32
    unsigned long int 32
    signed long int 32
    float 32 +-1.175e-38 to +-
    3.4e38
    double 32 +-1.175e-38 to +-
    3.4e38
    2
    Constants
    Numerical Constants
    decimal 1234
    binary 0b10101011
    hexadecimal 0xff
    octal 0777

    Character Constants
    character representation Equivalent Hex Value

    TAB ‘\t’ ‘\x09’


    LF (new line) ‘\n’ ‘\x0a’
    CR ‘\r’ ‘\x0d’
    Backspace ‘\b’ ‘\x08’
    --
    --
    example printf(“c = %d\n”, c) //
    printf(“c = %d\n\r”, c) // 3
    Operators
    Arithmetic Operators
    Multiply * Beware division:
    Divide / • If second argument is integer, the
    Modulo % result will be integer (rounded):
    Addition + 5 / 10  0 whereas 5 / 10.0  0.5
    Subtraction - • Division by 0 will cause overflow
    Negation -

    Bitwise Operators
    Ones complement ~
    Left Shift <<
    Right Shift >>
    AND &
    Exclusive OR ^
    OR |

    4
    Bitwise Operations
    Given an unsigned char y = 0xC9
    operation result
    x = ~y x = 0x36
    x = y <<3 x = 0x48
    x = y>>4 x = 0x0C
    x = y&0x3F x = 0x09
    x = y^1 x = 0xC8
    x = y | 0x10 x = 0xD9

    other examples:
    unsigned char z
    z = PINA & 0x06;
    PORTB = PORTB | 0x60;
    PORTB = PORTB & 0xfe;

    5
    Logical Operators
    Logical operator
    AND &&
    OR ||

    x =5 and y =2
    (x && y) is true, because both are non-zero
    (x & y) is false, because 00000101 bitwise AND 00000010 equal to zero

    (x || y) is true, because either value is non-zero


    (x | y) is true, b101 bitwise OR b010 is b111 (non-zero)

    6
    Division
    Beware division:
    • If second argument is integer, the
    result will be integer (rounded):
    5 / 10  0 whereas 5 / 10.0  0.5
    • Division by 0 will cause a problem

    7
    Relational Operators
    Relational Operators
    Is Equal to ==
    Is Not equal to !=
    Less Than <
    Less Than or Equal to <=
    Greater than >
    Greater Than or equal to >=
    x = 3 and y =5
    (x == y) FALSE
    (x != y) TRUE
    (x < y) TRUE
    (x<=y) TRUE
    (x>y) FALSE
    (x >= y) FALSE 8
    Data format
    Conversion specifier Description

    %d display as a signed decimal integer


    %6d at least 6 characters wide
    %u display as an unsigned decimal integer
    %x display as an unsigned hexadecimal integer
    %e display a floating point value in exponential
    notation, such as 9.4567e2
    %f display a floating point value in fixed point
    notation, such as 945.67
    %6f at least 6 characters wide
    %.2f 2 characters after decimal point
    %6.2f at least 6 characters wide and 2 after decimal
    point

    9
    Assignment Operators
    x = y assign y to x x += y assign (x+y) to x
    x++ post-increment x x -= y assign (x-y) to x
    ++x pre-increment x x *= y assign (x*y) to x
    x-- post-decrement x x /= y assign (x/y) to x
    --x pre-decrement x x %= y assign (x%y) to x

    int x=5; int x=5;


    int y; int y;
    y = ++x; y = x++;
    /* x == 6, y == 6 */ /* x == 6, y == 5 */

    10

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