PYTHON PROGRAMMING I YEAR/I SEM MRCET

UNIT II
Operators in Python : Arithmetic operators, Assignment operators, Comparison
operators, Logical operators, Identity operators, Membership operators, Bitwise
operators, Precedence of operators, Expressions.

CONTROL FLOW AND LOOPS:

Indentation, if statement, if-else statement, nested if else,chained conditional (if-
elif -else), Loops: while loop,For loop using ranges, Loop manipulation using pass,
continue and break

Python Operators
 Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
 In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:
Example print(10 + 5)
Python divides the operators in the following groups:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Identity operators
 Membership operators
 Bitwise operators
Python Arithmetic Operators

 Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical
operations:

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y
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% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiation x ** y

// Floor division x // y

Example:

a = 32 # Initialize the value of a

b=6 # Initialize the value of b

print('Addition of two numbers:',a+b)

print('Subtraction of two numbers:',a-b)

print('Multiplication of two numbers:',a*b)

print('Division of two numbers:',a/b)

print('Reminder of two numbers:',a%b)

print('Exponent of two numbers:',a**b)

print('Floor division of two numbers:',a//b)

Output:

Addition of two numbers: 38

Subtraction of two numbers: 26

Multiplication of two numbers: 192

Division of two numbers: 5.333333333333333

Reminder of two numbers: 2

Exponent of two numbers: 1073741824

Floor division of two numbers: 5

Python Assignment Operators

 Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
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Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x-3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

//= x //= 3 x = x // 3

**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

Program
a = 32 # Initialize the value of a
b=6 # Initialize the value of b
print('a=b:', a==b)
print('a+=b:', a+b)
print('a-=b:', a-b)
print('a*=b:', a*b)
print('a%=b:', a%b)
print('a**=b:', a**b)
print('a//=b:', a//b)

Output:
a=b: False
a+=b: 38
a-=b: 26
a*=b: 192
a%=b: 2
a**=b: 1073741824
a//=b: 5
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Python Comparison Operators

 Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or equal to x >= y

<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Program:
a = 32 # Initialize the value of a
b=6 # Initialize the value of b
print('Two numbers are equal or not:',a==b)
print('Two numbers are not equal or not:',a!=b)
print('a is less than or equal to b:',a<=b)
print('a is greater than or equal to b:',a>=b)
print('a is greater b:',a>b)
print('a is less than b:',a<b)

Output:
Two numbers are equal or not: False
Two numbers are not equal or not: True
a is less than or equal to b: False
a is greater than or equal to b: True
a is greater b: True
a is less than b: False
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Python Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and x < 10

Or Returns True if one of the statements is true x < 5 or x < 4

Not Reverse the result, returns False if the result is not(x < 5 and x < 10)
true

Program
a=5 # initialize the value of a
print(Is this statement true?:',a > 3 and a < 5)
print('Any one statement is true?:',a > 3 or a < 5)
print('Each statement is true then return False and vice-versa:',(not(a > 3 and a < 5)))

Output:
Is this statement true?: False
Any one statement is true?: True
Each statement is true then return False and vice-versa: True

Python Identity Operators

 Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are
actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables are the same x is y

object

is not Returns True if both variables are not the same x is not y
object

Program:
a = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
b = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
c=a
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print(a is c)
print(a is not c)
print(a is b)
print(a is not b)
print(a == b)
print(a != b)
Output:
True
False
False
True
True
False

Python Membership Operators

 Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an
object:

Operator Description Example

in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is x in y

present in the object

not in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is x not in

not present in the object y

Program
x = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
print(' Is value Present?', "Rose" in x)
print(' Is value not Present?', "Riya" not in x)
Output:
Is value Present? True
Is value not Present? True

Python Bitwise Operators

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 Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

Operator Name Description Example

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 x&y

| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 x|y

^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is x ^ y

1

~ NOT Inverts all the bits ~x

<< Zero fill left Shift left by pushing zeros in from the x << 2
shift right and let the leftmost bits fall off

>> Signed right Shift right by pushing copies of the x >> 2

shift leftmost bit in from the left, and let the
rightmost bits fall off

Program

a=5 # initialize the value of a

b=6 # initialize the value of b

print('a&b:', a&b)

print('a|b:', a|b)

print('a^b:', a^b)

print('~a:', ~a)

print('a<<b:', a<<b)

print('a>>b:', a>>b)

Output:

a&b: 4

a|b: 7

a^b: 3

~a: -6
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a<<b: 320

a>>b: 0

Precedence of Operators:
The operator precedence is used to define the operator's priority i.e. which operator will be executed first.
The operator precedence is similar to the BODMAS rule that we learned in mathematics. Refer to the list
specified below for operator precedence.

Precedence Operator Name

1. ()[]{} Parenthesis

2. ** Exponentiation

3. -value , +value , ~value Unary plus or minus, complement

4. / * // % Multiply, Divide, Modulo

5. +– Addition & Subtraction

6. >> << Shift Operators

7. & Bitwise AND

8. ^ Bitwise XOR

9. pipe symbol(|) Bitwise OR

10. >= <= > < Comparison Operators

11. == != Equality Operators

12. = += -= /= *= Assignment Operators

13. is, is not, in, not in Identity and membership operators

14. and, or, not Logical Operators

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Let us take an example to understand the precedence better :

x = 12

y = 14

z = 16

result_1 = x + y * z

print("Result of 'x + y + z' is: ", result_1)

result_2 = (x + y) * z

print("Result of '(x + y) * z' is: ", result_2)

result_3 = x + (y * z)

print("Result of 'x + (y * z)' is: ", result_3)

Output :

Result of 'x + y + z' is: 236

Result of '(x + y) * z' is: 416

Result of 'z + (y * z)' is: 236

Example 1:

>>>

3+4*2

11

Multiplication gets evaluated before the addition operation

>>> (10+10)*2 40

Parentheses () overriding the precedence of the arithmetic operators

Example 2:

a = 20
b = 10
c = 15
d=5
e=0

e = (a + b) * c / d #( 30 * 15 ) / 5
print("Value of (a + b) * c / d is ", e)
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e = ((a + b) * c) / d # (30 * 15 ) / 5
print("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is ", e)

e = (a + b) * (c / d); # (30) * (15/5)

print("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is ", e)

e = a + (b * c) / d; # 20 + (150/5)
print("Value of a + (b * c) / d is ", e)

Output:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is 90.0
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is 90.0
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is 90.0
Value of a + (b * c) / d is 50.0
Expressions in Python:

 An expression is a combination of operators and operands that is interpreted to produce some other
value.

An example of expression can be : x=x+10. In this expression, the first 10 is added to the variable x. After
the addition is performed, the result is assigned to the variable x.

Example :

x = 25 # a statement

x = x + 10 # an expression

print(x)

Output :

35

 In any programming language, an expression is evaluated as per the precedence of its operators.
 So that if there is more than one operator in an expression, their precedence decides which
operation will be performed first.
 We have many different types of expressions in Python.

1.Constant Expressions:
 These are the expressions that have constant values only.
Example:
# Constant Expressions
x = 15 + 1.3
print(x)
Output
16.3

2. Arithmetic Expressions:

 An arithmetic expression is a combination of numeric values, operators, and sometimes

parenthesis.
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 The result of this type of expression is also a numeric value.

 The operators used in these expressions are arithmetic operators like addition, subtraction, etc.

Here are some arithmetic operators in Python:

Operators Syntax Functioning

+ x+y Addition

– x–y Subtraction

* x*y Multiplication

/ x/y Division

// x // y Quotient

% x%y Remainder

** x ** y Exponentiation

Example:

# Arithmetic Expressions
x = 40
y = 12
add = x + y
sub = x - y
pro = x * y
div = x / y
print(add)
print(sub)
print(pro)
print(div)
Output
52
28
480
3.3333333333333335
3. Integral Expressions:
 These are the kind of expressions that produce only integer results after all computations and type
conversions.
Example:
# Integral Expressions
a = 13
b = 12.0
c = a + int(b)
print(c)
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Output
25
4. Floating Expressions:
 These are the kind of expressions which produce floating point numbers as result after all
computations and type conversions.
Example:
# Floating Expressions
a = 13
b=5
c=a/b
print(c)
Output
2.6

5. Relational Expressions:
 In these types of expressions, arithmetic expressions are written on both sides of relational operator
(> , < , >= , <=).
 Those arithmetic expressions are evaluated first, and then compared as per relational operator and
produce a boolean output in the end.
 These expressions are also called Boolean expressions.
Example:
# Relational Expressions
a = 21
b = 13
c = 40
d = 37
p = (a + b) >= (c - d)
print(p)
Output
True
6. Logical Expressions:
 These are kinds of expressions that result in either True or False. It basically specifies one or more
conditions.

Operator Syntax Functioning

And P and Q It returns true if both P and Q are true otherwise returns false

Or P or Q It returns true if at least one of P and Q is true

Not not P It returns true if condition P is false

Example:
P = (10 == 9)
Q = (7 > 5)
# Logical Expressions
R = P and Q
S = P or Q
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T = not P
print(R)
print(S)
print(T)
Output
False
True
True
7. Bitwise Expressions:
 These are the kind of expressions in which computations are performed at bit level.
Example:

# Bitwise Expressions

a = 12

x = a >> 2

y = a << 1
print(x, y)
Output
3 24
8. Combinational Expressions:
 We can also use different types of expressions in a single expression, and that will be termed as
combinational expressions.
Example:

# Combinational Expressions
a = 16
b = 12
c = a + (b >> 1)
print(c)
Output
22

9.Conditional expression:
Syntax: true_value if condition else false_value
>>> x = “1” if True else “2”
>>> x
>>> ‘1’
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CONTROL FLOW AND LOOPS
Python Indentation
 Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
 Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only,
the indentation in Python is very important.
 Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

Rules of Indentation in Python:

Here are the rules of indentation in python:

 Python’s default indentation spaces are four spaces. The number of spaces, however, is
entirely up to the user. However, a minimum of one space is required to indent a
statement.

 Indentation is not permitted on the first line of Python code.

 Python requires indentation to define statement blocks.

 A block of code must have a consistent number of spaces.

 To indent in Python, whitespaces are preferred over tabs. Also, use either whitespace
or tabs to indent; mixing tabs and whitespaces in indentation can result in incorrect
indentation errors.

Example:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
Output: Five is greater than two!
 Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:
Example
Syntax Error:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
Conditional Statements in Python:
Python if Statement: (Conditional)
An if statement executes a block of code only when the specified condition is met.
Syntax:
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if condition:
# body of if statement
 If condition evaluates to True, the body of the if statement is executed.
 If condition evaluates to False, the body of the if statement will be skipped from
execution.
Ex:
x=3
y = 10
if x < y:
print("x is smaller than y.")
Output: x is smaller than y.
Flow Chart:

Python if...else Statement(Alternative if):

 An if statement can have an optional else clause. The else statement executes if the
condition in the if statement evaluates to False.
Syntax
if condition:
# body of if statement
else:
# body of else statement

Here, if the condition inside the if statement evaluates to

 True - the body of if executes, and the body of else is skipped.
 False - the body of else executes, and the body of if is skipped
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Ex:
x=3
y = 10
if x > y:
print("x is greater than y.")
else:
print("x is smaller than y.")
Output: x is smaller than y.
Flow Chart:

Python if…elif…else Statement: (Chained Conditional)

 The if...else statement is used to execute a block of code among two alternatives.
 However, if we need to make a choice between more than two alternatives, we use
the if...elif...else statement.
Syntax
if condition1:
# code block 1
elif condition2:
# code block 2
else:
# code block 3

Ex:
x=3
PYTHON PROGRAMMING I YEAR/I SEM MRCET
y=3
if x < y:
print("x is smaller than y.")
elif x == y:
print("x is equal to y.")
else:
print("x is greater than y.")
Ex-2:

Example of if - elif – else:

a=int(input('enter the number'))

b=int(input('enter the number'))
c=int(input('enter the number'))
if a>b and a>c:
print("a is greater")
elif b>c:
print("b is greater")
else:
print("c is greater")
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Flow chart:

Nested if Statement:

Python supports nested if statements which means we can use a conditional if and if...else
statement inside an existing if statement.

There may be a situation when you want to check for additional conditions after the initial
one resolves to true. In such a situation, you can use the nested if construct.

Syntax
if boolean_expression1:
statement(s)
if boolean_expression2:
statement(s)
Flowchart of Nested if Statement
Following is the flowchart of Python nested if statement −

Example of Nested if Statement

PYTHON PROGRAMMING I YEAR/I SEM MRCET
num = 36

print ("num = ", num)

if num % 2 == 0:

if num % 3 == 0:

print ("Divisible by 3 and 2")

print("....execution ends....")

output:

num = 36

Divisible by 3 and 2

....execution ends....

Python Nested if..else Conditional Statements:

 Nested if..else means an if-else statement inside another if statement. such type of
statement is known as nested if statement.
 We can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statements.
Syntax:
if condition-1:
if condition-2:
Statement-1
else
Statement-2
else
Statement-3
Ex:
if a>b :
if a>c :
Print(“ a is biggest number”)
else :
Print(“ c is biggest number”)
else
PYTHON PROGRAMMING I YEAR/I SEM MRCET
elif b>c :
Print(“b is biggest number”)
else :
Print(“ c is biggest number”)
FlowChart:

Loops in Python
 Python loops allow us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times.
 In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on.
 There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code several number of times.

Flowchart of a Loop
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Types of Loops in Python

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle looping requirements.

1.While Loop
2.For Loop
3.Nested For Loop

1.While Loop in Python

 In Python, a while loop is used to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given condition
is satisfied.
 When the condition becomes false, the line immediately after the loop in the program is executed.
While Loop Syntax:
while expression:
statement(s)

 All the statements indented by the same number of character spaces after a programming construct
are considered to be part of a single block of code.
 Python uses indentation as its method of grouping statements.
Flowchart

Example of Python While Loop

count = 0
while (count < 3):
count = count + 1
print("Hello")
Output
Hello
Hello
Hello

Using else statement with While Loop in Python

 The else clause is only executed when your while condition becomes false.
 If you break out of the loop, or if an exception is raised, it won’t be executed.
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Syntax of While Loop with else statement:
while condition:
# execute these statements
else:
# execute these statements

 The code prints “Hello” three times using a ‘while' loop and then, after the loop, it prints “In Else
Block” because there is an “else” block associated with the ‘while' loop.

Example:
count = 0
while (count < 3):
count = count + 1
print("Hello")
else:
print("In Else Block")
Output
Hello
Hello
Hello
In Else Block

Infinite While Loop in Python

 If we want a block of code to execute infinite number of time, we can use the while loop in Python
to do so.
 The code uses a ‘while' loop with the condition (count == 0). This loop will only run as long
as count is equal to 0.
 Since count is initially set to 0, the loop will execute indefinitely because the condition is always
true.
Example
count = 0
while (count == 0):
print("Hello")
 Note: It is suggested not to use this type of loop as it is a never-ending infinite loop where the
condition is always true and you have to forcefully terminate the compiler.

2.For Loop:

 The For Loops in Python are a special type of loop statement that is used for sequential traversal.
 Python For loop is used for iterating over an iterable like a String, Tuple, List, Set, or Dictionary.

For Loop Syntax:

for iterator_var in sequence:

statements(s)
flowchart for python for loop
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Example1:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)
Output:
Apple
Banana
Cherry
Example2:
n=4
for i in range(0, n):
print(i)
Output
0
1
2
3

Else in For Loop:

 The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed when the loop is finished:

Example:
 Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message when the loop has ended:

for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
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Output:
0
1
2
3
4
5
Finally finished

Looping Through a String

 Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of characters:

Example: Loop through the letters in the word "banana":

for x in "banana":
print(x)

Output:
b
a
n
a
n
a

Python for Loop with Tuples

 Python's tuple object is also an indexed sequence, and hence you can traverse its items with a for
loop.
Example:

 In the following example, the for loop traverses a tuple containing integers and returns the total of all
numbers.
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Python for Loop with Lists
 Python's list object is also an indexed sequence, and hence you can iterate over its items using a for
loop.
Example

 In the following example, the for loop traverses a list containing integers and prints only those which
are divisible by 2.

Python for Loop with Range Objects

 Python's built-in range() function returns an iterator object that streams a sequence of numbers.
 This object contains integers from start to stop, separated by step parameter. You can run a for loop
with range as well.
Syntax

 The range() function has the following syntax −

range(start, stop, step)

Where,

 Start − Starting value of the range. Optional. Default is 0

 Stop − The range goes upto stop-1
 Step − Integers in the range increment by the step value. Option, default is 1.
Example

In this example, we will see the use of range with for loop.

Using the range() function:

for x in range(6):
print(x)

Output:
0
1
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2
3
4
5

range(start,stop)

 The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is possible to specify the starting
value by adding a parameter:
 range(2, 6), which means values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):

Example:
 Using the start parameter:

for x in range(2, 6):

print(x)

Output:
2
3
4
5
Range(start,stop,next)

 The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1, however it is possible to specify the
increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2, 30, 3):

Example
 Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1):

for x in range(2, 30, 3):

print(x)
Output:
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
29

Python for Loop with Dictionaries

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 Unlike a list, tuple or a string, dictionary data type in Python is not a sequence, as the items do not
have a positional index.
 However, traversing a dictionary is still possible with the for loop.
Example

Running a simple for loop over the dictionary object traverses the keys used in it.

Nested Looping statements in Python

 The Python programming language allows programmers to use one looping statement inside another
looping statement.

syntax for a nested for loop

#for loop statement
for variable in sequence:
for variable in sequence:
statement(s)
statement(s)
syntax for a nested while loop

#while loop statement

while condition:
while condition:
statement(s)
statement(s)

Example:
for i in range(1, 7):
for j in range(i):
print(i, end=' ')
print()

Output:
1
22
333
4444
55555
6 6 6 6 6 6
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Example 2 of Nested For Loops (Pattern Programs)

for i in range(1,6):

for j in range(5,i-1,-1):

print(i, end=" ")

print('')

Output:
11111

2222

333

44

Example:Right Triangle Star Pattern

n=5

for i in range(1, n + 1):

for j in range(1, i + 1):

print('*', end=' ')

print()

output:

**

***

****

*****

Inverted Right Triangle Star Pattern

n=5

for i in range(n, 0, -1):

for j in range(1, i + 1):

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print('*', end=' ')

print()

output:

*****

****

***

**

Pyramid Star Pattern

n=5

for i in range(1, n + 1):

print(' ' * (n - i) + '*' * (2 * i - 1))

ouput:

***

*****

*******

*********

 print(‘ ‘ * (n – i) + ‘*’ * (2 * i – 1)) prints spaces followed by stars. Spaces decrease and stars
increase per row to form the pyramid.

Diamond Star Pattern

n=5

for i in range(1, n + 1):

print(' ' * (n - i) + '*' * (2 * i - 1))

for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):

print(' ' * (n - i) + '*' * (2 * i - 1))

output:
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*

***

*****

*******

*********

*******

*****

***

*
Python Loop Control Statements (or) Loop manipulation (or)
unconditional (or) jumping statements:
 Loop control statements change execution from their normal sequence.
 When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.
 Python supports the following control statements.

1.break
2.continue
3.pass
1.break:
 It is used to exit a while loop or a for a loop. It terminates the looping & transfers execution to the
statement next to the loop.

 The break keyword is used to break out a for loop, or a while loop.
Syntax: break
Example :
 End the loop if i is larger than 3:

for i in range(9):
if i ==3:
break
print(i)

Output:
0
1
2
2.Continue:
 With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and continue with the next:
Syntax: continue
PYTHON PROGRAMMING I YEAR/I SEM MRCET
Example:
for i in range(9):
if i ==3:
continue
print(i,end=" ")
output:
01245678
for x in range(10):
#check whether x is even
if x % 2 == 0:
continue
print (x)

Output:
1
3
5
7
9
3.The pass Statement
 for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop with no content, put in
the pass statement to avoid getting an error.

Syntax:

pass
Example:
for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
# having an empty for loop like this, would raise an error without the pass statement