TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
What should you know ?
1. Construction details of transformer
2. Ratings of transformer
3. Faults in a transformer
4. Protection philosophy
5. Relay List for Protection
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
What is a transformer ?
- A device which transfers electrical energy
from one system to another system
- accepts energy at one voltage and delvers the same at
another voltage
- important link in power transmission
- helps in reduction of line losses
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
What is inside a transformer ?
- Core
- Primary Winding
- Secondary Winding
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Py and Sy windings are connected
in the following waysCore
- Wye – Wye ( Star-Star)
- Wye – Delta ( Star – Delta)
- Delta – Wye (Delta – Star)
- Delta – Delta
- Auto
- Zig - Zag
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Three Phase Transformer Connections
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
-Letter D is for Delta
-Letter Y is for Star
-Capital letter denotes Py
-Small letter denoteds Sy
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
DY11 means Py is Delta, Sy is Styar
Sy leads Py by 30 degrees
Yd1 means Py is Star, Sy is Delta
Sy lags Py by 30 degrees
Dy7 means Py is Delta, Sy is Star
Sy leads Py by 150 degrees
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Ratings of a Transformer
1. Power Out Put kVA / MVA
2. Primary Voltage Vp
3. Primary Current Ip
4. Secondary Voltage Vs
5. Secondary Current Is
6. Percentage Impedance Z
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Faults in a Transformer
1. Internal Faults
2. External faults
3. Auxiliary Faults
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
External Faults
Transformer Internal Faults
External Faults
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Auxiliary Faults
- Mainly related to the Tank, Oil, etc
- Detection by Pressure Switches / Temp. Switches
- Linked with the trip circuit logic
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Protection Philosophy
1. Main Protection (Internal Faults)
Transformer 2. Back up Protection ( External faults)
3. Location
4. Size
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
SECONDARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
COMBINED PROTECTIONS
AUXILIARY PROTECTIONS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULTS
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
OVER CURRENT
EARTH FAULT
UNBALANCE
THERMAL OVERLOAD
BREAKER FAILURE
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
27 59
50 51 50N 51N
Less than 1 MVA
External Faults
50/51 IDMT Over Current
50N/51N IDMT Earth Fault
27 Under Voltage
59 Over Voltage
50 51 50N 51N
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
27 59
50 51 50N 51N 49 46
External Faults
50/51 IDMT Over Current
50N/51N IDMT Earth Fault
27 Under Voltage
59 Over Voltage
49 Thermal Over Load
46 Current Unbalance
50 51 50N 51N
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
27 59 24
50 51 50N 51N 49 46
More than 10 MVA
External Faults
50/51 IDMT Over Current
50N/51N IDMT Earth Fault
27 Under Voltage
59 Over Voltage
49 Thermal Over Load
46 Current Unbalance
24 Over Fluxing
50 51 50N 51N
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
LOW SET
HIGH SET
HIGHSET DOUBLING
THIRD HARMONIC FILTER
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET
- Pick up levels 50 to 200%
- Inverse time characteristics
- Time Multiplier Setting
- Voltage Restrained O/C
- Directional O/C
- Blocking Contact
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET
Pick up setting Low set % of CT
Highset Rating
Time delay setting Definite time TMS
Setting
Inverse time
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET
Pick up settings ----- 50 % to 200 %
Time delays ……
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET
Definite Time
Trip Time delay
Inverse Time
Definite time
-Direct reading
-Setting represents time delay in sec
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET- Inverse Time
-Is not a direct reading
-Is defined by TMS setting and inverse time curve specification
-TMS setting is a number which can vary
from 0.1 to 1 in EM relays and
from 0.5 to 2 ( in steps of 0.05) in Numerical relays
-Inverse time curves are traditionally identified as :
1.3 sec curve or 3 sec curve
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET- Inverse Time
The actual time delay :
The time identity of curve selected ( like 1.3 / 3 sec)
is the time delay when the fault current is
10 times the set value provided the TMS setting =1
Acual time delay for a give fault level ( I/Is) =
TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET- Inverse Time
1.3 or
3.0 sec
50 msec
1.4 6 10
I/Is
LS HS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET- Typical Inverse Times
TMS=1
I/Is=2 I/Is=4 I/Is=6 Is=8 I/Is=10 I/Is=15 I/Is=20
Normal Inv 3 sec 10.13 5.03 3.87 3.33 3 2.54 2.29
Normal Inv 1.3 sec 4.39 2.18 1.68 1.44 1.3 1.1 .99
Very Inverse 13.5 4.5 2.7 1.93 1.5 .96 .71
Extremely Inverse 26.66 5.33 2.28 1.27 0.81 0.36 0.20
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET
The actual time delay :
The time identity of curve selected ( like 1.3 / 3 sec)
is the time delay when the fault current is
10 times the set value provided the TMS setting =1
Acual time delay for a give fault level ( I/Is) =
TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – HIGH SET
- Instantaneous trip
- Time delayed high set
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – HIGH SET
High set Doubling
For Transformer feeders
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – HIGH SET
3rd Harmonic Filter for
Earth Fault circuits
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – Voltage Restrained O/C
FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS
(PLAIN O/C PROTECTION)
FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS
(VOLTAGE DEPENDENT O/C)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – Voltage Restrained O/C
- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.
- RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT
NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING
WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – Voltage Restrained O/C
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS
THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECIDES
WHICH CHARCTERISTIC WILL BE
FOLLOWED BY THE RELAY WHEN
A FAULT OCCURS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – Voltage Restrained O/C
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
Pick up level
I>
kI >
Voltage Level
Vs >
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
O/C +E/F PROTECTION – Voltage Restrained O/C
I*/ [I>]
1.0
0.2
0.2 0.8 1.0 V/Vs
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Directional O/C Relay
GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
REVERSE POWER RELAY
LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
DIRECTIONAL O/C + E/F RELAY
dF/dT RELAY
UNDER FREQ. RELAY
DG
OVER FREQ. RELAY PLANT
VECTOR SURGE RELAY LOADS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
UNBALANCE PROTECTION – LOW & HIGH SET
Causes for Unbalance
Effects of Unbalance
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
UNBALANCE PROTECTION
PLANT
LOADS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION
1.4 6 10 I/Is
1.05 LS HS
LS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULTS
SECONDARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
OVER CURRENT
EARTH FAULT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULTS
BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTIONS
Concept of :
Starter Contact
Internal timer
Blocking time
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
NUMERICAL RELAYS
DSP
Calculated parameters
Last Trip data – with Time stamping
Event log
Waveform Capture
RS485 Communication
Self Dignostic
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
ADVANTAGES OF NUMERICAL RELAYS
PARAMETER NUMERIC CONVENTIONAL
ACCURACY 1% 5% / 7.5%
BURDEN < 0.5 VA > 5 VA
SETTING RANGES WIDE LIMITED
MULTI FUNCTIONALITY YES NO
SIZE SMALL LARGE
FIELD PROGRAMMABILITY YES NO
PARAMETER DISPLAY YES NO
SYSTEM FLEXILBILITY YES NO
CO-ORDINATION TOOLS MANY TWO
COMMUNICATION YES NO
REMOTE CONTROL YES NO
SPECIAL ALGORITHMS MANY LIMITED
SPECIAL PROTECTIONS YES NO
SELF DIAGNOSTICS YES NO
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF NUMERIC RELAYS
SOFTWARE INTENSIVE
OBSOLESENCE RATE
EMI / EMC PROBLEMS
SERIAL NATURE
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION IS TO DETECT
INTERNAL EARTH FAULTS IN
AC MACHINES LIKE GENERATORS &
TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Any fault in zone A, will cause
Circulating currents within
the zone – currents will not reach
the CTs near breaker
Fault in Zone A can not be
Detected by O/C + E/F relays
Separate scheme – REF –
is necessary
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
REF relay should trip for
Internal fault
REF relay should not trip
For external fault
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
STABILISING RESISTOR FOR REF RELAYS
-CT sy impedances may not be equal
-Lead wires may not be equal
-CT errors may not be equal
-CTs may sturate differently
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION
CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst
- VALUE OF Rst SHOULD BE SUCH THAT
VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS THE RELAY
UNDER MAX THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
IS INSUFFICIENT TO OPERATE THE RELAY.
- REFER THE DIAGRAM OF THROUGH FAULT
CT Y HAS SATURATED
V= If * (Rct+Rl))/N
- V SHOULD NOT CAUSE A CURRENT WHICH WILL
OPERATE RELAY
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
COMBINED PROTECTIONS
DIFFERENTIAL
OVERFLUXING
NEUTRAL MONITORING
UNDER / OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER / OVER FREQUENCY
POWER MANAGEMENT
LOAD SHEDDING
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
COMBINED PROTECTIONS – DIFFERENTIAL
More than 1 MVA
Internal Faults
87
87 Differential fault
64 Restricted Earth Fault
64
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
COMBINED PROTECTIONS – DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
COMBINED PROTECTIONS – DIFFERENTIAL
Should trip for an internal fault.
Trip time is always instantaneous.
Should not trip for an external fault.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Differential Protection
I1
Id = Relay Pick up setting
Relay will trip if
I1 – I2 > Id
87
Notes :
I2 Under Normal conditions
(when machine is on load)
I1=I2 Id=0, Relay will not trip.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Differential Protection
I1
Id = Relay Pick up setting
Relay will trip if
I1 – I2 > Id
87
Notes :
I2 Under External fault conditions
I1 = I2, Id= 0 ????????????
Relay will not trip.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Differential Protection
I1
Id = Relay Pick up setting
Relay will trip if
I1 – I2 > Id
87
Notes :
I2 Under Internal fault conditions
I2=0, I1-I2 = I1, Id= IL
Relay will trip.
CT CORE CHARACTERISTIC
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
B1
Notes :
B2
For same H,
CT1 can be at B1
B
CT2 can be at B2
H ( Proportional I1 or I2)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Effect of CT Mis-match
Under an External fault ( through fault ),
Even when the primary side currents of the CTs are same,
The secondary currents I1 & I2 of the CTs will not be same
since CT1 is at B1 and CT2 is at B2
This may result in an unwanted differential current Id
and the relay will trip for a through fault.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Problems of a simple differential relay
Spurious trippings at :
Inrush
Tap change
Load throw off
Through fault
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Characteristics of a simple differential relay
Id
0.15
Average Current I.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
1. PERCENTAGE BIASED
2. DUAL SLOPE
3. DISPLAYS OF Id
4. VECTOR/AMPLITUDE
COMPENSATION (W/O ICTs)
5. 2ND HARMONIC RESTRAINT
6. 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT
7. WAVE FORM CAPTURE
8. INBUILT REF
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Characteristics of a simple differential relay
Id
0.15
P1 P2 Average Current I.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Over Fluxing Protection
• Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but
can be caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux V/ f
• Generator transformers
• Effects of overfluxing :
– Increase in magnetising current
– Increase in winding temperature
– Increase in noise and vibration
– Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused
by stray flux)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Over Fluxing ….
• CAUSES
– Low frequency
– High voltage
– Geomagnetic disturbances
• EFFECTS
– Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)
– Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Over Fluxing Protection
2m
m
Ie
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY & NEUTRAL MONITORING
- Large Transformers
THREE PH O/V & U/V
THREE PH O/F & U/F
ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE 2 LEVELS
OVER FLUXING 2 LEVELS
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE 2 LEVELS
VECTOR SURGE OPTION
NO NEED FOR OPEN DELTA PT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
NEUTRAL MONITORING - Distribution Transformers
Voltage
V>Low Set
V>High Set
Current
I>Low Set
I>High Set
Voltage Input – Neutral PT or Zero Seq. Voltage
Current Input – Neutral CT Display V & I
Max – Min Values
Time stamping
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
1 Ph.
SEB Supply MCCB Energy
1Ph. 240 V AC Load
Meter
Contactor
Distribution
Relay
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Distribution relay- Features
Micro Controller Based
No settings in field
3 pick up levels
Auto Restore
Measurement Accuracy
Timing Accuracy
Expandable Platform
Suitable for domestic applications also
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Distribution relay- Settings
240 V Normal, No trip
270 V 75 to 85 millisec
300 V 55 to 65 millisec
400 V 35 to 45 millisec
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
FUNCTIONS :
U/O FREQUENCY - 2 LEVELS
U/O VOLTAGE - 2 LEVELS
POWER FACTOR CONTROL - 1 LEVEL
Q/P - 1 LEVEL
FORWARD ACTIVE POWER(U/O) - 2 LEVELS
REVERSE ACTIVE POWER (U/O) - 2 LEVELS
FORWARD CAP. REACTIVE POWER(U/O) - 2 LEVELS
REVERSE CAP. REACTIVE POWER (U/O) - 2 LEVELS
FORWARD IND. REACTIVE POWER(U/O) - 2 LEVELS
REVERSE IND. REACTIVE POWER (U/O) - 2 LEVELS
MAXIMUM DEMAND RECORDINGS
BLOCKING LOGIC MATRIX
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Load Shedding
Time Based - Fixed or Cyclic
Based on dF/dT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
dF / dT Relays
Rate of Change of frequency
Concept of evaluation cycles
Logic with U/F or O/F
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
POWER FACTOR MANAGEMENT ……
Avoid Low PF Penalty
-Use of reactors with cap. Banks
-PF Control Relay
-Selection of Cap. Banks
-CT Connections ( Loation, Polarity)
-Faulty Bank Protection
-Ave. PF Alarm
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
AUXILIARY PROTECTIONS
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
LEVEL
VIBRATION
TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION
PT FUSE FAILURE
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
RECOMMENDATIONS
Less than 1 MVA O/C + E/F + O/V + U/V+REF
1 MVA to 10MVA O/C + E/f + Th. O/L + UNBAL
O/V + U/V + REF
10 MVA & ABOVE O/C + E/f + Th. O/L + UNBAL
O/V + U/V + REF+
DIFFEERENTIAL+
NEUTRAL SHIFT +
OVER FLUXING
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PROTECTIVE RELAYS -
RS485 COMMUNICATION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
RS485 Converter
RELAY /
I-Mux Unit
METER
PC System
RS 485
RS 422 HT SWITCHGEAR
MC61C /
ER300P
RS 485
LT SWITCHGEAR MV SWITCHGEAR
