Generation, Transmission and

Distribution of Electrical Supply

Generation of Electrical
Power
 Learning outcome
• Understand the generation of power
generation
• Understand the power transmission system
and distribution system
• Explained the single and three phase of
electric distribution system
Nuclear Power plant
• Nuclear power station with pressurised water reactor is basically divided into the "nuclear island" where steam
is produced in the steam generator by nuclear power generated from a reactor, a "conventional island" where
steam supplied from the nuclear island is used to drive the turbine-generator to produce electricity, and the
Balance of Plant (BOP) which consists of the station auxiliaries and ancillary plants, etc.

• In the "nuclear island", heat is produced by nuclear fission in the reactor and delivered by pressurised water in
the primary coolant circuit to the steam generator (a heat exchanger), which converts the feed water in the
secondary circuit to high-pressure steam at about 67 bar (or 6 700 kPa) and deliver it to the "conventional
island" via steam pipe for driving the turbine and generator.

• In the "conventional island", the steam will pass through the multi-stage turbines and then discharge into the
condensers where the steam is condensed to liquid water (condensate). This condensate discharge from the
condensers (feed water) is pumped back to the steam generator in the nuclear island to be converted into
steam again. Cooling water for the condensers is taken from the sea via the seawater pumps in the pump house.
During the process, the steam will spin the turbine generator at high speed (the rated speed for the turbine
generators used in GNPS and LNPS Phase 1 is 3000 revolutions per minute and that in LNPS Phase 2 is 1500
revolutions per minute), which then generates electricity to complete the energy conversion process.
Solar Power Plant
• A solar cell or
photovoltaic cell is a
device that converts light
directly into electricity by
the photovoltaic effect.
• Assemblies of cells are
used to make solar panels,
solar modules, or
photovoltaic arrays.
• Photovoltaics is the field
of technology and
research related to the
application of solar cells in
producing electricity for
practical use. The energy
generated this way is an
example of solar energy.
Solar Power Plant

• In Mojave Desert, USA

• Power up about 375,000
homes in California.
• The solar-thermal power
plants will generate 500
megawatts and those
extra-plants could
produce another 400
megawatts of energy
Hydropower Plant
Wind powerplant
Coal Powerplant
Transmission system
Distribution systems
Distribution system
 Energy in Malaysia-source
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia

• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government,
which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption. The
Department of Electricity and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while other
players in the energy sector include energy supply and service companies,
research and development institutions and consumers. Government-linked
companies Petronas and Tenaga Nasional Berhad are major players in
Malaysia's energy sector.
• Governmental agencies that contribute to the policy are the Ministry of Energy,
Green Technology and Water, Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga), and
the Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia). Among the documents
that the policy is based on are the 1974 Petroleum Development Act, 1975
National Petroleum Policy, 1980 National Depletion Policy, 1990 Electricity
Supply Act, 1993 Gas Supply Acts, 1994 Electricity Regulations, 1997 Gas
Supply Regulation and the 2001 Energy Commission Act. [1]
• Traditionally, energy production in Malaysia has been based
around oil and natural gas. 
• Malaysia currently has 13GW of electrical generation capacity.[6] 
• Power generation capacity connected to the 
Malaysian National Grid is 19,023 MW, with a maximum demand
of 13,340 MW as of July 2007 according to Suruhanjaya Tenaga.[7] 
• Total electricity generation for 2007 is 108,539 GW·h with a total
consumption of 97,113 GW·h or 3,570 kW·h per capita.[8] 
• The generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and
7% from other forms of fuel.[9] In 2007, the country as a whole
consumes 514 thousand barrels (23.6 million tonnes) of oil daily
against a production of 755 thousand barrels (34.2 million tonnes)
per day.[10]
• However, Malaysia only has 33 years of natural gas
reserves, and 19 years of oil reserves, whilst the demand
for energy is increasing. Due to this the Malaysian
government is expanding into renewable energy sources.
[5] Currently 16% of Malaysian electricity generation is

hydroelectric, the remaining 84% being thermal.[6]The oil

and gas industry in Malaysia is currently dominated by
state owned Petronas,[11] and the energy sector as a
whole is regulated by Suruhanjaya Tenaga, a statutory
commission who governs the energy in the peninsula and
Sabah, under the terms of the Electricity Commission Act
of 2001.
 Electricity in Malaysia-sustainable
approaches 2012
• ELECTRICITY output in Malaysia is generated primarily from burning limited fossil fuel resources such as oil, coal or
natural gas that have huge consequences for the environment.
• Natural gas production has steadily increased year on year, becoming one of our primary energy suppliers in 2012
at 38,648 kilotonne of oil equivalent (ktoe).
• As Malaysia’s economy develops, demand for electricity over the past decade has increased, almost doubling
alongside population growth, reaching 134billion kWh in 2012 according to data from the Malaysia Energy
Information Hub (MEIH).
• The primary source of demand for Malaysia comes from the industrial sector, which accounts for about 45% in
2012, while residential and commercial use account for 33% and 21% respectively as sourced from the United
States Energy Information Administration.
• Nevertheless, biofuel sources such as biodiesel have been almost negligible though Malaysia plays a significant
role in global palm oil production and supply, a key component used for biodiesel production.
• However initiatives by the Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia (SEDA), a statutory body formed
under the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011, has led to renewable sources of energy increasing
due to the feed-in tariff (FiT) mechanism.
• The system provides for FiT approval holders, which include individuals or companies, will be eligible to invest in
renewable energy sources such as solar power that can then be sold to the electricity grid.
• Aside from alternative energy outputs such as hydroelectricity and solar power, biomass and biogas as sources of
energy have also been increasing through SEDA’s initiative.
•
Read more at http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2015/04/22/how-electricity-is-generated-in-
malaysia/#QHDiZq7D16zIG9aA.99
 Electricity in Malaysia-Energy Producer
company
• TNB
• Sarawak Energy
• Sabah Electricity
• Other private Independent Power Producer
(IPP)- YTL and etc
www.st.gov.my/index.php/en/industry2/78-list-
of-independent-power-producers-ipps
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_(
Malaysia)
 Electrical Sub Station
• An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an
electricity generation, transmission and distribution
system where voltage is transformed from high to low
or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may
flow through several substations between generating
plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in
several steps.
• A substation that has a step-up transformer increases
the voltage while decreasing the current, while a step-
down transformer decreases the voltage while
increasing the current for domestic and commercial
distribution. The word substation comes from the days
before the distribution system became a grid. The first
substations were connected to only one power station
where the generator was housed, and were
subsidiaries of that power station.
Substation
 Transformer
• A transformer is a device that
transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled
electrical conductors. A
changing current in the first
circuit (the primary) creates a
changing magnetic field. This
changing magnetic field
induces a changing voltage in
the second circuit (the
secondary). This effect is
called mutual induction.
 Transformer
• If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge
will flow in the secondary winding of the transformer and
transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load connected
in the secondary circuit.
• In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary
winding (VS) is a fraction of the primary voltage (VP) and is
given by the ratio of the number of secondary turns to the
number of primary turns
• By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a
transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped
up — by making NS more than NP — or stepped down, by
making it less.
• Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical
'machines', with some large units able to transfer 99.75% of
their input power to their output. Transformers come in a
range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national
power grids. All operate with the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide.
 Single phase
• single-phase electric power
refers to the distribution of
alternating current
electric power using a system
in which all the voltages of the
supply vary in unison. Single-
phase distribution is used when
loads are mostly lighting and
heating, with few large electric
motors. A single-phase supply
connected to an alternating
current electric motor does not
produce a revolving magnetic
field; single-phase motors need
additional circuits for starting,
and such motors are
uncommon above 10 or 20 kW
in rating
 Three phase
• Three-phase electric power is a common method of
alternating-current electric power transmission. It is a type of
polyphase system, and is the most common method used by
electric power distribution grids worldwide to distribute
power. It is also used to power large motors and other large
loads. A three-phase system is generally more economical
than others because it uses less conductor material to
transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase or
two-phase systems at the same voltage.
• In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three
alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach
their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one
conductor as the reference, the other two currents are
delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one cycle of
the electrical current. This delay between "phases" has the
effect of giving constant power transfer over each cycle of the
current, and also makes it possible to produce a rotating
magnetic field in an electric motor.
Three phase