Introduction To

Computer Programming
(CSC425)

Lecturer : Assoc Prof Ts Dr Nur Atiqah Sia Abdullah

Credited to Afiza Ismail and DS Malik for the presentation slides and notes

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 Control Structure:
Selection
Topic 3

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Contents
 Introduction
 Selection criteria with Boolean expression
 if statement
 if..else statement
 if..else if statement
 Nested if statement
 switch statement

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Introduction
 A computer can proceed:
 In sequence
 Selectively (branch) - making a choice
 Repetitively (iteratively) - looping
 Some statements are executed only if certain
conditions are met.
 A condition is represented by a logical (Boolean)
expression that can be true or false.
 A condition is met if the expression evaluation is
true.

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Introduction (cont.)

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
 Boolean expression is a sequence of operands and
operators that combine to produce one of the Boolean
values, true or false.
 2 types of Boolean expression :
- simple Boolean expression
- compound Boolean expression

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

Simple Boolean expression :

 is of the form

expression1 relational-operator expression2

 Relational operators:
 Allow comparisons
 Require two operands
 Return 1 if expression is true, otherwise 0

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

 Relational operators can be any of the following operators :

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)
 Relational operator can be applied to compare the value
of the variables.
 Suppose we have the following declarations:
int num1 = 1;
int num2 = 2;
int num3 = 3;
int num4 = 4;

Expression Value of Expression

num1 > num2
num2 <= num3
num4 != num3
num1 > num4

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)
 Relational operator can be applied to compare the value
of the variables.
 Suppose we have the following declarations:
int num1 = 1;
int num2 = 2;
int num3 = 3;
int num4 = 4;

Expression Value of Expression

num1 > num2 False
num2 <= num3 True
num4 != num3 True
num1 > num4 False

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)
 Relational operator can be applied to characters.

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)
 Relational operators can be applied to strings
 Strings are compared character by character, starting with
the first character, and following by other characters.
 Suppose we have the following declarations:
string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "Hi";
string str3 = "Air";
string str4 = "Bill";

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

Hello Hi

Hello

Air

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

Hello

Air Bill

Hi Bill

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

Bill

Big

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

Compound Boolean expression :

 is formed by combining simple Boolean expressions with the
following logical operator :

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

 For example, the expression such as

5 <= x <= 10
can be written as the following compound
Boolean expression:
( 5 <= x) && ( x <= 10)

 For example, the expression contains number of

dependant is more than 5 or the income is less
than or equal to RM3000 can be written as :
(dependant >5) || (income <=3000)

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

If one of the expression is false, then the combined condition is false.

Only both expressions are true, then the combined condition is true.

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

If one of the expression is true, then the combined condition is true.

Only both expressions are false, then the combined condition is false.

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Selection criteria with Boolean expression
(cont.)

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if statement
 Used in a one-way selection false

 The syntax :
if (condition) true

statement;

 statement is executed if the value of the condition

is true

 statement is bypassed if the value of the condition is

false; program goes to the next statement

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if statement (cont.)

 Example :

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if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1:
If the mark is more than 50, the grade is ‘P’.

 Exercise 2:
If the income is more than or equal to RM5000, the status
is “Average Income”.

 Exercise 3:
If the room type is ‘S’, the room rate is RM180.

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if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1: if (mark > 50)

If the mark is more than grade = ‘P’;
50, the grade is ‘P’.

 Exercise 2:
If the income is more if (income >= 5000)
than or equal to status = “Average Income”;
RM5000, the status is
“Average Income”.

 Exercise 3:
If the room type is ‘S’, if (roomType == ‘S’)
the room rate is roomRate = 180;
RM180.

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if..else statement
 Two-way selection takes the form: false

if (expression)
statement1; true

else
statement2;
 If expression is true, statement1 is executed
otherwise statement2 is executed
 statement1 and statement2 are any C++
statements
 else is a reserved word

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if..else statement (cont.)

 If the statements are more than one, you have to use { } to

make them as the compound statements.
 The selection takes the form:
if (expression)
{
statement1;
statement2;
}
else
{
statement3;
statement4;
}
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if..else statement (cont.)

 Example :
If the score is more than or equal to 50, the status is pass.
Else the status is fail.

if (score >= 50)

status = “pass”;
else
status = “fail”;

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if..else statement (cont.)

 Example :
If the score is more than or equal to 50, display the score and
the status is pass. Else display the score and the status is fail.

if (score >= 50)

{
cout << “The score is ” << score;
status = “pass”;
}
else
{
cout << “The score is ” << score;
status = “fail”;
}

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if..else statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1:
If the mark is more than or equal to 80, the grade is ‘A’.
Else the grade is ‘B’.

 Exercise 2:
If the income is more than or equal to RM5000, the status
is “Average Income”, else the status is “Lower Income”.

 Exercise 3:
If the room type is ‘S’, display the room type is Standard
and the room rate is RM180, else display the room type is
Others and the room rate is RM250.
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if..else statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1: if (mark >= 80)

grade = ‘A’;
If the mark is more than
else
or equal to 80, the grade grade = ‘B’;
is ‘A’. Else the grade is ‘B’.

 Exercise 2:
If the income is more
if (income >= 5000)
than or equal to RM5000, status = “Average Income”;
the status is “Average else
Income”, else the status is status = “Lower Income”;
“Lower Income”.

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if..else statement (cont.)

 Exercise 3:
if (roomType == ‘S’)
If the room type is ‘S’, {
display the room type is roomType = “Standard”;
Standard and the room roomRate = 180;
}
rate is RM180, else display else
the room type is Others {
roomType = “Others”;
and the room rate is roomRate = 250;
RM250. }

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if..else if statement
 Multiple selection
 When one control statement is located within another
(nested)
 The rule :
- Pairing and else with an if
An else is associated with the most recent if that has
not been paired with an else ( an else is always
belongs to the closest if)

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if..else if statement
Score True Display
>=90 “The grade is A.”
Score Grade False

90 - 100 A Score
True
Display
>=80 “The grade is B.”
80 - 89 B
False
70 - 79 C
Score True
Display
60 - 69 D >=70 “The grade is C.”
< 60 F False
True
Score Display
>=60 “The grade is D.”
False

Display
“The grade is F.”

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if..else if statement (cont.)

pair

pair

pair

pair

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if..else if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1: Write the selection structure based on the

following table:
Room Type Room Rate (RM)
Standard (S) 180
Deluxe (D) 250
Supreme (U) 320

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if..else if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1: Write the selection structure based on the

following table:
Room Type Room Rate (RM)
Standard (S) 180
Deluxe (D) 250
Supreme (U) 320

if (roomType == ‘S’)
roomRate = 180;
else if (roomType == ‘D’)
roomRate = 250;
else if (roomType == ‘U’)
roomRate = 320;

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if..else if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 2: Write the selection structure based on the

following table:
Income (RM) Status
<=3000 Lower Income
3000 < Income <= 5000 Middle Income
>5000 High Income

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if..else if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 2: Write the selection structure based on the

following table:
Income (RM) Status
<=3000 Lower Income
3000 < Income <= 5000 Middle Income
>5000 High Income

if (income <= 3000)

status = “Lower Income”;
else if (income > 3000 && income <= 5000)
status = “Middle Income”;
else if (income > 5000)
status = “High Income”;

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Consider the following statements :

False Current GPA is below

GPA>=2.0 graduation requirement.
See your Academic Advisor
True

True Happy
GPA<3.9
Graduation!
False
True
Dean’s
GPA>=3.9
Honor List

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Consider the following statements :

False Current GPA is below

GPA>=2.0 graduation requirement.
See your Academic Advisor
True

True Happy
GPA<3.9
Graduation!
What is the value of
False GPA if the display is
True “Happy Graduation!”?
Dean’s
GPA>=3.9
Honor List

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Consider the following statements :

False Current GPA is below

GPA>=2.0 graduation requirement.
See your Academic Advisor
True

True Happy
GPA<3.9
Graduation!
False
True
Dean’s
GPA>=3.9
Honor List
What is the value of
GPA if the display is
“Dean’s Honor List”?

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Consider the following statements :

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Consider the following case :

Nation’s Air force has asked you to write a program to
label supersonic aircraft as military or civilian. Your
program is to be given the plane’s observed speed in
km/h and its estimated length in meters. For planes
traveling in excess of 1100km/h, you will label those
longer than 52 meters “civilian” and shorter aircraft as
“military”. For planes traveling at slower speeds, you
will issue an “aircraft type unknown” message.

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Consider the following statements :

False Display
Speed >1100 “Aircraft Type
Unknown”
True

True Display
length > 52
“Civilian”
False

Display
“Military”

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Nested if statement (cont.)

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1: Write the selection structure based on the

following table:
Income (RM) Criteria Tax Rate (%)
<1800 0
<=3000
>=1800 3
3000 < Income <= 5000 6
>5000 10

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Nested if statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1: Write the selection structure based on the

following table:

if (income <= 3000)

{
if (income < 1800)
taxRate = 0;
else if (income >= 1800)
taxRate = 0.03;
}
else if (income > 3000 && income <= 5000)
taxRate = 0.06;
else if (income > 5000)
taxRate = 0.10;

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switch statement
 switch expression is evaluated first
 Value of the expression determines which corresponding
action is taken
 Expression is sometimes called the selector
 Expression value can be only integral
 Its value determines which statement is selected for
execution
 A particular case value should appear only once

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switch statement
 switch structure: alternate to if..else

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switch statement (cont.)

 One or more statements may follow a case label

 Braces are not needed to turn multiple statements into a
single compound statement
 The break statement may or may not appear after each
statement
 switch, case, break, and default are reserved
words

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switch statement (cont.)

Rules :
 When value of the expression is matched against a case
value,
 Statements execute until break statement is found or the
end of switch structure is reached
 If value of the expression does not match any of the case
values
 Statements following the default label execute If no
default label, and if no match, the entire switch
statement is skipped
 A break statement causes an immediate exit from the
switch structure
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switch statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1:
Based on the following table, design a switch selection
structure to display the type of room and room rate.
Choice Room Type Room Rate (RM)
S Standard 180
D Deluxe 250
P Supreme 320

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switch statement (cont.)

 Exercise 1:
Based on the following table, design a switch selection
structure to display the type of room and room rate.
Choice Room Room switch (choice)
Type Rate (RM) {
case ‘S’: cout << “Standard Room”;
S Standard 180 roomRate = 180;
D Deluxe 250 break;
case ‘D’: cout << “Deluxe Room”;
P Supreme 320 roomRate = 250;
break;
case ‘U’: cout << “Supreme Room”;
roomRate = 320;
break;
default: cout << “Invalid choice”;
}

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switch statement (cont.)

 Exercise 2:
Write a program to read two numbers. Prompt to the
user a menu to choose the arithmetic operation:
Choice Arithmetic Operation
1 Addition
2 Multiplication
3 Subtraction

Based on the choice, design a switch selection structure

to carry out the operation and display the result.

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switch statement (cont.)

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4.6
The switch statement (cont.)

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