BLASTULATION
BY AKPENE RACHEAL
7 steps:
1. gametogenesis
2. fertilization
3. cleavage
4. blastulation
5. gastrulation
6. neurulation
7. organogenesis
Week 1: days 1-6
Fertilization, day 1
Cleavage, day 2-3
Compaction, day 3
Formation of blastocyst, day 4
Ends with implantation, day 6
Cleavage .3
Is the process of repeated rapid mitotic cell divisions of the
zygote (unicellular structure) to form the Blastula
(multicellular structure).
The produced cells named Blastomeres.
During this stage the size of the embryo does not change,
the blastomeres become smaller with each division.
The type & pattern of cleavage differ from species to
species.
continues divisions to form a ball of 32 cells called the
morula.
The morula continues divisions to form the hollow blastula
with up to several hundred cells.
The cavity of the blastula is the blastocoel.
Figure 47.8x Cleavage in a frog embryo
Embryo undergoes compaction after 8-cell
stage:
first differentiation of embryonic lineages
Caused by increased cell-cell adhesion
Cells that are forced to the outside of the morula are destined to become
trophoblast--cells that will form placenta
The inner cells will form the embryo proper and are called the inner cell mass
.(ICM)
Blastulation .4
The result (end period) of cleavage.
The production of a multicellular blastula
Blastula cells are called blastomeres.
A cavity forms within the ball of the cells called
the blastocoel.
Formation of the blastocyst
Sodium channels appear on the surface of the outer trophoblast cells; sodium and water are
pumped into the forming blastocoele. Note that the embryo is still contained in the zona
.pellucida
Blastula of frog
Sea urchin blastula
Human blastula
Starfish development, unfertilized egg. 4 blastomeres.
2 blastomeres.
Starfish development,
16 blastomeres. 32 blastomeres.
nonmotile blastula.
morula
Gastrulation .5
The morphogenetic process called gastrulation
rearranges the cells of a blastula into a three-
layered (triploblastic) embryo, called a
gastrula, that has a primitive gut.
It means rearrangement of blastula cells that
transforms the blastula into a gastrula.
The blastula develops a hole in one end and
cells start to migrate into the hole; this forms
the gastrula
Characterized by cell movement.
Blastocoel is gradually disappear and a new
cavity is formed Gastrocoel.
The gastrula is a three-layered embryo
The formation of three primary embryonic germ
layers
Endoderm (inner)
Mesoderm (middle)
Ectoderm (outer)
The pattern of gastrulation is affected by the amount
of yolk.
The cells at the vegetal pole invaginate, initiating
gastrulation.
Figure 47.8
ECTODERM (outer layer of embryo)
Epidermis of skin and its derivatives (including sweat glands, •
hair follicles)
Nervous and sensory systems •
Pituitary gland, adrenal medulla •
Jaws and teeth •
Germ cells •
MESODERM (middle layer of embryo)
Skeletal and muscular systems •
Circulatory and lymphatic systems •
Excretory and reproductive systems (except germ cells) •
Dermis of skin •
Adrenal cortex •
ENDODERM (inner layer of embryo)
Epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs •
(liver, pancreas)
Epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts •
and ducts
Thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands •
Gastrulation in a Frog Embryo
Figure 47.10 Gastrulation in a frog embryo
Basic Developmental Vocabulary
Fertilization – activates egg & brings together the
nuclei of the egg and sperm.
Cleavage partitions the zygote into many smaller
cells.
Morula a solid mass of 16-64 cells formed by
cleavage.
Blastula – a hollow sphere of cells (128 cells) formed
by cleavage of the morula. The blastula contains the
blastocoel that is fluid-filled. The blastopore is the
place where gastrulation begins.
Basic Developmental Vocabulary
Gastrulation rearranges the blastula to form a three-layered
embryo with a primitive gut, the archenteron.
Gastrulation – the process leading to the creation of the
primitive gut or archenteron. Invagination at the blastopore
results in the gut.
Gastrula – transformation of the blastula into an embryo
possessing 3 germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
Organogenesis is the process by which the organs in the
animal body form from the three embryonic germ layers.
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