LECTURE-6 & 7: OPERATORS
30/9/2015
Introduction to Computer Programming
(ICP)
Muhammad Ahmad
Lecturer
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LECTURE CONTENTS
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Arithmetic & Sizeof Operators
Logical & Relational Operators
Assignment Operator
Compound Assignment
Logical Operators
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PROGRAM ERRORS
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Conceptual Errors
#include <iostream>
Using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int a=4;
int b=10;
int c = b/a;
cout << “C = “ << c;
return 0;
}
The program is not doing what you expect it to do.
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THE CIN OBJECT
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It is used to read data from keyboard
In simple words. user enter data from the
keyboard
Syntax:
Cin>>variable;
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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Arithmetic calculations
*
Multiplication
/
Division
Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
%
Modulus operator returns remainder
7 % 5 evaluates to 2
+ and –
Addition and Subtraction 5
CLASS ACTIVITY
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Write a program which has all the
mathematical operators?
+, -, /, %
Write a program to add 5 integers an print
the result. [inputs are provided by the user]
Also, print he average of these values at the
end and print the result?
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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Rules of operator precedence
Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated
first. If there are several pairs of parentheses
“on the same level” (i.e., not nested), they are
evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Division evaluated left to right.
Modulus
+ or - Addition Evaluated third. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.
= Assignment Evaluated last, right to left
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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Priority of operators
a = 5 + 7 % 2;
we may doubt if it really means:
a = 5 + (7 % 2) with result 6 or
a = (5 + 7) % 2 with result 0
Parentheses are included when one is not sure
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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Given integer variables a, b, c, d, and e,
where a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, Evaluate
the following expressions:
a + b - c + d
a * b / c
1 + a * b % c
a + d % b - c
e = b = d + c / b - a
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COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT
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Arithmetic Assignment Operators
a = a + b;
a += b;
void main(void)
{
int number = 15;
number +=10;
cout << number << endl; 25
number -=7;
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cout << number << endl;
number *=2; 36
cout << number << endl;
number %=2; 0
cout << number << endl;
}
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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Increment Operators (Unary Operator)
count = count + 1;
count +=1;
count++; OR ++count;
int a = 5; int a = 5;
int b = 10; int b = 10;
int c = a * b++; int c = a * +
+b;
50 55
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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Decrement Operators (Unary Operator)
count = count - 1;
count -=1;
count--; OR --count;
postfix prefix
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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int main()
{
int count = 10; 10
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cout << count << endl; 11
cout << ++count << endl; 11
cout << count << endl; 12
cout << count++ << endl;
cout << count << endl;
}
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RELEATIONAL OPERATORS
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To evaluate comparison between two
expressions
Result: True / xFalse
Assume variable holds 10 and variable y holds 20,
then:
Standard algebraic C++ equality Example Meaning of
equality operator or or relational of C++ C++ condition
relational operator operator condition
Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y
>= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y
<= x <= y x is less than or equal to y
Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
!= x != y x is not equal to y 14
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
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Examples
(7 == 5) would return false
(3 != 2) would return true
(6 >= 6) would return true
If a=2, b=3 and c=6
(a*b >= c) would return true since it is (2*3 >=
6)
(b+4 > a*c) would return false since it is (3+4 >
2*6)
((b=2) == a) would return true
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LOGICAL OPERATORS
30/9/2015
Logical expressions - expressions that use
conditional statements and logical operators.
&& (And)
A && B is true if and only if both A and B are true
|| (Or)
A || B is true if either A or B are true
! (Not)
!(condition) is true if condition is false, and false if
condition is true
This is called the logical complement or negation
Examples
(salary < 10000) || (dependants > 5)
(temperature > 40.0) && (humidity > 90)
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!(temperature > 90.0)
LOGICAL OPERATORS - EXERCISES
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NOT, AND, OR : ( !, &&, || )
Operator ! is equivalent to Boolean operation
NOT
! (5 == 5) returns false
! (6 <= 4) returns true
! true returns false.
! false returns true.
((5 == 5) && (3 > 6)) returns false (true && false)
((5 == 5) || (3 > 6)) returns true ( true || false ).
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REMEMBER
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&& operator yields a true result only
when both its operands are true.
||
operator yields a false result only
when both its operands are false.
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EXPRESSIONS
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A sequence of operators and operands that
specifies a computation
Operand
On which computation is performed
E.g: c = a + b; //a & b are operands & + is an
operator
C = 7 + 8; // C=15
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ESCAPE SEQUENCE
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ESCAPE SEQUENCE EXAMPLE
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QUESTIONS
?
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