Programming Fundamentals

(COMP1112)
Lecture 3
Operators and Expressions

Division of Science & Technology

University of Education, Lahore.
Operators
• An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical manipulations.
• C++ is rich in built-in operators.
• Some commonly used operators will be discussed in detail.
Types of operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators
 Binary arithmetic operator
(takes one operator and two operands)
Operator Description Example ( where A=10, B=20)

+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30

- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -10

* Multiplies both operands A * B will give 200

/ Divides numerator by de-numerator B / A will give 2

% Modulus operator gives remainder after an B % A will give 0

integer division
 Unary arithmetic operator
(takes one operator and one operand)

Operator Description Example ( where A=10)

++ Increment operator, increases A++ will give 11

integer value by one

-- Decrement operator, decreases A-- will give 9

integer value by one
Unary arithmetic operator

• Post increment (A++) – first use A then increment

• Post decrement (A--) – first use A then decrement
• Pre increment (++A) – first increment then use A
• Pre decrement(--A) – first decrement then use A
Examples
int A=10;
• cout<<A++; // prints 10
• cout<<A--; // prints 10
• cout<<++A; // prints 11
• cout<<--A; // prints 9

Note: these instructions are not in a sequence form; but written for
specifying example and must be read individually.
What will be the value of y?
x = 3;
y = ++x; //value of y?

x = 3;
y = x++; //value of y?
Relational operators
• Two values can be compared using relational and equality operators.
For example, to know if two values are equal or if one is greater than
the other.

• The result of such an operation is either true or false (i.e., a Boolean

value).
Relational operators
operator description
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
 Logical operators
Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes
true.

|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then condition
becomes true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a
condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make false.
Bit-wise operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The
truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows −

p q p&q p|q p Xor q

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 1
 Bit-wise operators
Operator Description
& Binary AND Operator checks if exists in both operands.

| Binary OR Operator checks if exists in either operand.

^ Binary XOR Operator checks if in one operand but not both.

~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.

<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the
right operand.

>> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by
the right operand.
Assignment operators
Operator Description Example
= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values
C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
from right side operands to left side operand.
+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right
operand to the left operand and assign the C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
result to left operand.
-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts
right operand from the left operand and assign C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
the result to left operand.
*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies
right operand with the left operand and assign C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
the result to left operand.
/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left
operand with the right operand and assign the C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
result to left operand.
%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes
modulus using two operands and assign the C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
result to left operand.
Other operators ( examples)
• Condition ? X : Y
If Condition is true then it returns value of X otherwise returns value of
Y.

• Sizeof
returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(a), where ‘a’ is
integer, and will return 4.
 Expressions
A combination of variables, constants and operators that represents a
computation forms an expression. Expression evaluation depends on
operators precedence and associativity.
Expressions forms ( some examples)
• Arithmetic
• Boolean
• Relational
• Bitwise
• Constants
Operators precedence and associativity
• Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an
expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain
operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the
multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition
operator −
• For example x = 7 +3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because
operator * has higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied
with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
• In programming languages, the associativity of an operator is a
property that determines how operators of the same precedence are
grouped in the absence of parentheses
Operators precedence and associativity
Category Operator Associativity

Brackets () [] Left to right

Unary ++ - - Left to right

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Left to right

Equality =, +=, -=, *=, %=, /= Right to left

Note: operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the
bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
Operators precedence and associativity

Category Operator Associativity

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
 Programming example - 1
(operators and expressions)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int a, b;
a = 10;
b = 4;
a = b;
b = 7;
cout << "a:";
cout << a;
cout << " b:";
cout << b;
}
Output:
a:4 b:7
 Programming example 2
(operators and expressions)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int a, b=3;
a = b;
a+=1; //a=a+1;
cout << a;

Output:
4
 Programming example 3
(operators and expressions)
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main() {
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d;
cout << "Value of (a + b) * c / d is :" << e << endl ; //1
e = ((a + b) * c) / d;
cout << "Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is :" << e << endl ;//2
e = (a + b) * (c / d);
cout << "Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is :" << e << endl ;//3
e = a + (b * c) / d;
cout << "Value of a + (b * c) / d is :" << e << endl ;//4
return 0;
}
References
• C++ How to Program
By Deitel & Deitel

• The C++ Programming Language

By Bjarne Stroustrup

• Object oriented programming using C++ by Tasleem Mustafa, Imran Saeed, Tariq Mehmood, Ahsan Raza

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_operators.htm

• http://ecomputernotes.com/cpp/introduction-to-oop/expressions-in-cpp

• http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/operators/