ELECTRICAL FEEDER PROTECTION
FEEDER PROTECTION
Electrical feeders
Transfer of power from source to load
Connection between two circuits
- Basically Conductors
- Both insulated & non insulated
- May have joints
- Short / Medium / Long Feeders
- Long cables may store energy
- Current / Voltage feeders
FEEDER PROTECTION
Typical faults in Electrical feeders
-Mainly insulation failure due to
Over heating
Causes of Over heating :
- Excessive currents above rated value
( Over Load)
- Very High currents ( short circuit)
- Leakage currents ( through Earth)
OVER CURRENT ….?
EARTH FAULT….?
WHERE DO THEY OCCUR….
WHY DO THEY OCCUR…..
CLASSIFICATION OF OVER CURRENT ….
OVER LOAD
LOCKED ROTOR
SHORT CIRCUIT
WHAT IS A FEEDER PROTECTION
RELAY…
PROTECTION AGAINST
OVER CURRENT AND
EARTH FAULTS
OVER CURRENT + E/F RELAY
FEEDER PROTECTION
RATED CURRENT OF FEEDERS….?
CT RATING
Relates to the total connected load
of the feeder
FEEDER PROTECTION
Typical Feedeer Faults
-Transformer
-Feeder
Over current Faults
Short Circuit Faults Totally
Earth Faults Three Faults
FEEDER PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
-Only O/C Relays
1 or 2 or 3 elements
Where is
-Only E/F Relays Short Circuit
1 element Relay ???
-Combined O/C + E/F Relays
4 Elements
FEEDER PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
CONVENTIONAL - 2O/C+1E/F
NUMERICAL - 3O/C +1E/F
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
CONNECTIONS
R Y B OVER CURRENT RELAY
O/C
RELAYS
FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay
CONNECTIONS
R Y B E/F RELAY- RESIDUAL
O/C
RELAY
FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay
CONNECTIONS
R Y B E/F RELAY - WITH CBCT
O/C
RELAY
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
CONNECTIONS
R Y B 2 PH. OVER CURRENT +
EARTH FAULT RELAY
3 x O/C RELAYS
FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay
CONNECTIONS
R Y B 3 PH. OVER CURRENT +
EARTH FAULT RELAY
4 x OC
RELAYS
FEEDER PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
CONCEPT OF
LOW SET PROTECTION
HIGH SET PROTECTION
INVERSE TIME DELAYS
DEFINITE TIME DELAYS
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
Definite Time
Trip Time delay
Inverse Time
CONCEPT OF :
INVERSE TIME CURVES
TMS SETTING
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
Inverse time delays
Y axis is time delay
Y axis is log scale
X axis is ratio of feeder current Vs.
set current
t
I/Is 10
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
Inverse Time Characteristics
Normal Inverse 1.3 sec
Normal Inverse 3 sec
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
Why Inverse Time Characteristics
To follow the damage curve of feeder
Inverse Time Curves FEEDER PROTECTION
Time delayEquations
t(I) = [ A ] * TMS
[ (I/Is)a – 1 ]
A a
Normal Inverse 1.3 Sec 0.0613 0.02
Normal Inverse 3 sec 0.1414 0.02
Very inverse 13.5 1
Extremely Inverse 80 2
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
TIME MULTIPLIER SETTING
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
Settings (Front Panel)
Inverse time delays
TMS=1
Is=2 Is=4 Is=6 Is=8 Is=10 Is=15 Is=20
Normal Inv 3 sec 10.13 5.03 3.87 3.33 3 2.54 2.29
Normal Inv 1.3 sec 4.39 2.18 1.68 1.44 1.3 1.1 .99
Very Inverse 13.5 4.5 2.7 1.93 1.5 .96 .71
Extremely Inverse 26.66 5.33 2.28 1.27 0.81 0.36 0.20
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
TMS Settings
TMS is time delay setting for inverse time characteristics
- TMS is not a direct reading
- Actual Time delay is defined by TMS setting
and inverse time curve specification
-TMS setting is a number which can vary
from 0.1 to 1 in EM relays and
from 0.5 to 2 ( in steps of 0.05) in Numerical relays
- Normal Inverse 1.3 sec curve or 3 sec curve is used
in 95% of over current + EF protections
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
TMS Settings
The actual time delay :
The time identity of curve selected ( like 1.3 / 3 sec)
is the time delay when the fault current is
10 times the set value provided the TMS setting =1
Acual time delay for a given fault current ( I/Is) =
TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level
REFER EXCEL SHEET
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
TMS Settings
IMPORTANCE OF
MORE CURVES
REFER EXCEL SHEET
FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay
High Set point ( Short circuit Protection)
-Pick up is in terms of low set point / rated current
( like 4 time the LS or Rated)
- Time delay is instantaneous
Time delayed High set
FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current +E/F Relay – LS Protection - Settings
LS Pick up for O/C 50 to 200%
LS Time Delay for O/C Inverse Time
LS Pick up for E/F 10 to 40%
LS Time Delay for E/F Inverse Time
Note : the percentages are w.r.t. CT rating
FEEDER PROTECTION
Facilities required in
Over Current /E/F Relay
- LS Pick up range of 50% to 200%
- Curve selection
- TMS selection
- High set pick up range of 200% to 1600%
- High set time delay from 10ms to 500ms
FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay
Testing
From Front Panel By pressing the test PB
By SCITS Refer a separate document on
Secondary current injection test
procedure for MC12A
FEEDER PROTECTION - VARIATIONS
SENSITIVE E/F
BREAKER FAILURE
FAULT LOCATION
UNBALANCE
AUTO RECLOSING
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
SENSITIVE E/F
- ISSUES
- SETTINNGS
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
BREAKER FAILURE SCHEME
CONVENTIONAL CDG61
VTT
NUMERICAL BUILT IN
SECOND HIGH SET
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
UNBALANCE
-VECTORIAL
- SCALAR
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
FAULT LOCATION
- V/I PRINCIPLE
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY
AUTO RECLOSING FUNCTION
- RECLOSE CONTACT
- RECLOSE TIME INTERVAL
- LOCK OUT
SCHEME COMPLICATIONS
- RECLOSE ON HS
