TRANSLATION

NAME :
VIRGINIA GRACE THESIA YL - 111 190 106
NONA FADRIA - 111 190 127
FAUZAN RAFIALDO - 111 190 111
 DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION
• The process of translating words or text from one language into
another
• translation consist of reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of
meaning and secondly in terms of style
 PROCESS OF TRANSLATION
1. Scope out the text to be translated
2. Initial translation
3. Review the accuracy of the translation
4. Take a break
5. Refine translation wording
 TECHNIQUES OF TRANSLATION
A. DIRECT TECH
a. Borrowing
b. Loan
c. Calque
d. Literal

B. OBLIQUIT
a) Transposition
b) Modulation
c) Equivalence
d) Adaptation
 DIRECT TECH
BORROWING
• Borrowing is the idea of taking the word where the source language (SL) maintaining the word and make less
changing and just change spoken rules it in the target language (TL). It is considered as the simplest of the
translation strategies and tends to be employed in two situations: either when discussing a new technical process
for which no term exists within the TL, or when maintaining a word from the SL for stylistic effect, in which the
translator uses the foreign term to add flavour to the target text (TL).
• Pure borrowing :
1. (SL) Programs, headset, handsfree
2. (TL) Program, headset, handsfree

• Naturalized borrowing :
1. (SL) accessories, connectivity, index
2. (TL) Aksesoris, konektifitas, indeks

Example:
BSu : Music
BSa : Musik
 DIRECT TECH
CALQUE
• A calque or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase borrowed from another
language and translated literally word-for-word. You often see them in specialized or internationalized fields such as
quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité taken from English).
• Examples that have been absorbed into English include standpoint and beer garden from German Standpunkt and
Biergarten; breakfast from French déjeuner (which now means lunch in Europe, but maintains the same meaning of
breakfast in Québec).
• Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such as standpoint, beer garden and breakfast
and Spanish peso mosca and Casa Blanca from English flyweight and White House).
• The meaning other calques can be rather obscure for most people, especially when they relate to specific vocations
or subjects such as science and law. Solución de compromiso is a Spanish legal term taken from the English
compromise solution and although Spanish attorneys understand it, the meaning is not readily understood by the
layman. An unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can cause unwanted humor, often interpreted as
indicating the lack of expertise of the translator in the target language.
• Example :
Bsu : He is the new assistant manager
Bsa : Dia adalah asisten manajer yang baru
 DIRECT TECH
LOAN
• A loan translation is a compound in English (for example, superman) that literally
translates a foreign expression (in this example, German Übermensch), word for
word. Also known as a calque (from the French word for "copy").
• A loan translation is a special kind of loan word. However, says Yousef Bader,
"loan translations are easier to understand [than loan words] because they use
existing elements in the borrowing language, whose expressive capacity is
thereby enriched"
• (in Language, Discourse, and Translation in the West and Middle East, 1994).
 DIRECT TECH
LITERAL
• A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others
dependent on the sentence structure: El equipo está trabajando para terminar el
informe would translate into English as The team is working to finish the report.
Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not.
• For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or
German using this technique because the French and German sentence structures
are different. And because one sentence can be translated literally across languages
does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally. El equipo experimentado
está trabajando para terminar el informe translates into English as The experienced
team is working to finish the report ("experienced" and "team" are reversed).
 OBLIQUIT
TRANSPOSITION
• Transposition is the first technique or step towards oblique translation. Oblique
translation is another term for free translation where the translator exercises
his/her freedom to attain equivalence. It operates at the grammatical level and it
consists of the replacement of a word class by another word class without changing
the meaning.
• From a stylistic view point, the transposed expression does not have the same
value, but the meaning is the same. Transposed expressions are usually more
literary in character. What is the most important is to choose the form that best fits
the context.
• Transposition can be: Free: when the transposition that we use is mainly dependent
on the context and particularly on the desired effect.  For example: The course is of
interest to all of us. (The course interest all of us: back translation)
 OBLIQUIT
MODULATION

• Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to
convey the same idea: Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you but translates better as You
can have it. It changes the semantics and shifts the point of view of the source language.
• Through modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message
without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader of
the target text. It is often used within the same language. The expressions es fácil de
entender (it is easy to understand) and no es complicado de entender (it is not complicated
to understand) are examples of modulation.
• Although both convey the same meaning, it is easy to understand simply conveys "easiness"
whereas it is not complicated to understand implies a previous assumption of difficulty that
we are denying by asserting it is not complicated to understand. This type of change of point
of view in a message is what makes a reader say: "Yes, this is exactly how we say it in our
language".
 OBLIQUIT
EQUIVALENCE
• Used to render expressions using different stylistic and structural methods. Most
equivalences are fixed, and include idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival
phrases, onomatopoeia, etc.
1. Stop splitting hairs Non guardare il pelo nell’uovo
(Back→ translation: Stop looking for five legs in a cat)

• Challenge: To recognize that the expression to be translated is an idiom / proverb; to

know the equivalent expression in the T.L.
• Equivalence also refers to fixed (lexicalized) terms, such as terminology of a field of
knowledge.
 OBLIQUIT
ADAPTATION
• Used when the limit to translation is been reached, i.e. when a
simple translation would not work or it would produce a result that
is shocking in the target language and culture.
• Titles of books, movies, and characters often fit into this category
1. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid → (Back-translation: Two men and a
destiny)
2. The Sound of Music (Back-translation: Smiles and tears)
 DIFFICULTIES
1. Structure of the language
Structure of the language can turn out to be the most disturbing element in the course of
translation procedure. Every language has a defined structure. Thus, the source language may not
have the same or similar structure as the target language. As a result, the translation can become a
messy task for the translator. For example, Farsi has a structure of placing subject, object, and then
verb; while, English follows subject, verb, and object structure. To overcome such an issue, you will
first of all need to understand the language structure of both the languages and then, accordingly
remove, add or rearrange words in the source language
2. Multiple Meanings
There can be multiple meanings of the same word, you use in a language. Hence, when you translate
a specific word (having multiple meanings) into the target language, it becomes a horrifying task to
conclude that. Also, the change in the meaning of the word is dependent on its placement and use in
the sentence. To put it simple, translating such words is not a kid’s play, as it further gets difficult
homonyms and heteronyms.
3. Sarcasm
You must understand that the tone, style and context of every document are different. Hence, no two
documents can be handled in the same manner, even if they belong to the same industry. Sarcasm is
one of the many types of expressions that are generally seen in source files. Due to its unique style of
expressing things, sarcasm is often mistranslated by the translators. The worst part is that sarcasm
becomes so disturbing for the translators that they literally start to translate the text word by word.
4. Missing Names or Terms
Another major issue is with the missing terminologies. How can you translate something that has no
equivalent for the source word in the target language? The specific word might be the most important
word in the document; and if it really does, how will you get a perfectly translated document? Sounds
very problematic; Right? Generally, in such cases, experts recommend contacting the client for any
1. Knowledge of the Source Language
GOOD TRANSLATOR
The translator needs an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the language they are translating so
as not to miss any implicit meanings inherent to the language.
2. Knowledge of the Target Language
The translator must also have a perfect mastery of the target language in order to reproduce the
context or tone of the original text.
3. Knowledge of Cross-Language Connections
Knowing two languages is a pretty astounding accomplishment on its own, but it does not suffice: the
translator must also have a deep-rooted understanding of the etymological and linguistic correlations
between the two languages required for the translation.
4. Understanding Cultural Contexts
And there is something else: in addition to knowing both languages and understanding the relationship
between them, the translator must also use her knowledge of the two cultures. A language is a set of
words and grammatical rules, but also an extensive system of connotations and cultural references.
5. Subject Knowledge
A translator’s knowledge should not only be linguistic: he also needs to be familiar with the subject
matter of the text to be translated (as this knowledge includes meanings and specific vocabulary for a
particular field).
6. Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Transmission of Meaning
The translator should also know when to use a literal translation or the formal equivalent and when to
seek a dynamic or functional equivalent that will replicate the meaning of the text as faithfully as
possible.
Therefore, the role of the translator is like that of an actor in a play. Translation services involve taking
decisions which in turn require interpretation. This mainly applies to literary texts, but also to other
types of jobs such as scientific or legal translation.
THANK YOU
