“Digital Logic Design”
Lecture # 3
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time
(tr), fall time(tf), amplitude, pulse width and other
characteristics.
Causes of overshooting, undershooting, ringing and droop
Pulse Definitions
What is an periodic and non-periodic pulse waveforms?
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that
repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is
the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f T
T f
The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a
periodic wave.
Another important characteristic of digital waveform is Duty
Cycle, it is the ratio of pulse width (tw) to the period (T).
Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms
are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle.
Volts
Pulse
width
Amplitude (A)
(tW)
Time
Period, T
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Digital wavefoms
• The Clock: all waveforms are synchronized with a basic
timing waveform called clock. The clock is a periodic
waveform in which each interval between pulses (the
period) equals the time for one bit.
Timing Diagrams
• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between
two or more digital waveforms
Clock
• A diagram like this can be observed
directly on a logic analyzer.
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel
transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t 4 t 5 t6 t7
Computer Modem
1
Computer Printer
0
0
t0 t1
Basic Logic Functions
• Who used and created these symbols?
True only if all input
conditions are true.
True only if one or more
input conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite
condition.
Basic System Functions
• And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:
Comparator
A> B
A
The comparison function Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B
Adder
Basic arithmetic functions A
Σ Sum
Two
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin
Basic System Functions
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
The encoding function 4
3
storage and/or
computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
The decoding function Decoder
Binary input
7-segment display
Basic System Functions
The data selection function
TDM VS FDM
Data storage functions
Usage: to retain binary data for a period of time
•Example of storage devices:
–Flip-flops, registers, semiconductor memories, magnetic disks,
magnetic tape, and optical disks (CDs)
•Flip-flops –a bistable logic circuit that can store only one bit at a
time, either 1 or 0
•Registers
–a combination of several flip-flops forms registers, 8-bit register
is constructed from eight flip-flops
–Shift registers are registers used to shift the bits from one
position to another within the register or out of the register to
another circuit
•Semiconductor memories –used for storing large numbers of bits.
E.g.: ROM (permanently or semi permanently stored), RAM
(temporarily stored)
•Magnetic memories –used for mass storage of binary data. E.g.:
floppy disk Difference b/w SRAM & DRAM?
Data storage functions
One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves
and stores data each time it is clocked
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Complexity classification in Fixed-Function ICs
• Pins Numbering–Pin 1 always marked by an identifier like small
dot, a notch, or beveled edge
• Complexity Classification for Fixed-Function Ics
– SSI (Small-scale integration) –10 gates
– MSI (Medium-scale integration) –10—100 gates
– LSI (Large-scale integration) –100—10,000 gates
– VLSI (Very large-scale integration) –10,000—100,000 gates
– ULSI (Ultra large-scale integration) -->100,000 gates
•Integrated Circuits Technology–You will come across MOSFETs,
CMOS, TTL etc. in this topic
Different Number Systems
Different Number Systems
Base Name Usage
2 Binary Digital computing
3 Ternary Integer base
4 Quaternary Data transmission
5 Quinary Languages; common count grouping e.g. tally marks
6 Senary Proto-Uralic language
8 Octal compact notation for binary numbers
10 Decimal Most widely used by modern civilizations
Different Number Systems
11 Undecimal duodecimal and those who were content with decimal
gross counting; hours and months timekeeping; years of
12 Duodecimal
Chinese zodiac foot and inch
13 Tridecimal Conway base 13 function
Programming for the HP/B calculator and image
14 Tetradecimal
processing applications
Pentadecima
15 Telephony routing over IP
l
16 Hexadecimal Base16 encoding; compact notation for binary data
20 Vigesimal Santali and Ainu languages
Different Number Systems
• There are many more numeral systems
• Standard positional numeral systems
• Non-standard positional numeral systems
• Bijective numeration
• Signed-digit representation
• Negative bases
• Complex bases
• Non-integer bases
• Non-positional notation
• And Many more ……
Different Number System
There are four systems of arithmetic which are often
used in digital electronics.
• Decimal Number System
• Binary Number System
• Octal Number System
• Hexa Decimal System
Why Use Different One?
• The conventional numbering system uses ten
digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
• The binary numbering system uses just two
digits: 0 and 1.
• Computers work only on two states
On
Off
• Basic memory elements hold only two states
Zero / One
• A binary digit – bit !
Common Number System
Used by
System Base Symbols humans?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes
Binary 2 0, 1 No
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No
decimal A, B, … F
Four Types of Number Systems
Use LCM or Division
Octal
Decimal Binary
Multiplication, Addition with
Base Power
Hexadecimal
Examples
Decimal Number System
• Ten unique numbers 0,1..9
• Combination of digits
• Positional Number System
• 275 = 2 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
– Base or Radix 10
– Weight 1, 10, 100, 1000 ….
Representing Fractions
• Fractions can be represented in decimal
number system in a manner of natural number
• = 382.91
= 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 9 x 10-1+ 1 x
10-2
= 300 + 80 + 2 + 0.9 + 0.01
= (382.91)10
Thanks
