Energy efficient S-MAC protocol for

Wireless Sensor Networks

Guide
Prof. N.S.Sirdeshpande
Presented by:
Priyanka F. Hongal
1st sem, MTECH,
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 Outline
 Definition
 Wireless sensor networks
 Power consumption
 Energy efficient MAC protocols
 S-MAC: an energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless
sensor networks
 Conclusion

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 Definition
 Energy efficient
– Anything that consumes less power in order to work
effectively.
 S-MAC protocol
– MAC protocol especially for sensor networks.
 Wireless Sensor Networks
– Networks that are composed of a large number of sensor
nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the
3 phenomenon or very close to it.
 Wireless sensor networks

 Sensor nodes are low cost, low power, multifunctional electronic devices.

 Small in size

 Wireless communication over short distances.

 Sensors have Sense, data processing and communicating components.

 A sensor network is composed of densely deployed sensor nodes.

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 Applications

Military
Military command, control, communications, computing intelligence, targeting systems.


Health
Monitor patients, assist disabled patients.


Others
Managing inventory, monitoring product quality, monitoring disaster areas.


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 Protocol stack

 Physical layer
-Addresses simple but robust modulation, transmission and receiving techniques.

 Data Link Layer

-Is responsible for multiplexing of data streams, data frame detection, medium access and error control.
-Medium access control MAC a sub-layer.

 Network Layer
-Routes data supplied by transport layer.

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 Protocol stack (contd…)
Transport Layer

Task Management Plane

Mobility Management Plane
- maintains flow of data

Power Management Plane

Application Layer Application layer
Transport Layer
-depends on sensing tasks
Network Layer

Power Data Link Layer

Management Plane
Physical Layer
-manages how sensor node uses its
power

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 Protocol stack (contd…)
• Mobility Management Plane
-detects and registers node movement

 Task Management Plane

-balances and schedules sensing tasks given to a specific
region

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 Power consumption
Wireless sensor node is an microelectronic device can be
equipped with limited power source.

Replenishment of power resource might be impossible, sensor

lifetime shows a strong dependence on battery lifetime.

Power consumption is divided into 3 domains

 Sensing
 Communicating
 Data processing.
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 Power consumption (Contd..)
Major sources of energy waste

 Collision

 Idle listening

 Overhearing

 Control packet overhead

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 MAC Requirements in Sensor networks
 Collision avoidance
 Energy efficiency Primary
 Scalability & Adaptivity

 Latency
 Fairness Secondary
 Throughput
 Bandwidth utilization

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 Energy efficient MAC protocols
 S-MAC

 T-MAC

 TRAMA

 Power efficient System

 Cluster Based energy efficient scheme

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 Sensor MAC Protocol
(S-MAC)

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 S-MAC protocol design

 Reduce energy consumption

 Support good scalability and collision

avoidance

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 S-MAC protocol design
 Tries to reduce wastage of energy from all four sources of
energy inefficiency

 Collision – by using RTS and CTS

 Overhearing – by switching the radio off when the
transmission is not meant for that node
 Control overhead – by message passing
 Idle listening – by periodic listen and sleep

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 Features of S-MAC
 Periodic listen and sleep

 Collision and Overhearing avoidance

 Message passing

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 Periodic Listen and Sleep
 Basic scheme

Listen Sleep Listen Sleep

time
– Duration of sleep and listen time can be selected based on
the application scenario
– To reduce control overhead, neighboring nodes are
synchronized (i.e. Listen and sleep together)

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 Periodic Listen and Sleep
 Neighboringnodes A and B have different
schedules. They synchronize with nodes C
and D respectively

C A B D

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 Periodic Listen and Sleep
– If a node A wants to talk to node B, it just waits until B is listening

– If multiple neighbors want to talk to a node, they need to contend for

the medium

– Contention mechanism is the same as that in IEEE 802.11 (using RTS

and CTS)

– After they start data transmission, they do not go to periodic sleep until
they finish transmission

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 Choosing and Maintaining Schedules
 Each node maintains a schedule table that stores schedules of all
its known neighbors

 To establish the initial schedule (at the startup) following steps

are followed:

– A node first listens for a certain amount of time

– If it does not hear a schedule from another node, it randomly
chooses a schedule and broadcast its schedule immediately
– This node is called a SYNCHRONIZER

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 Choosing and Maintaining Schedules

 If a node receives a schedule from a neighbor before

choosing its own schedule, it just follows this neighbor’s
schedule

 This node is called a FOLLOWER and it waits for a

random delay and broadcasts its schedule

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 Maintaining Synchronization
Listen
Receiver for SYNC for RTS Sleep

SYNC
Sender 1 CS Sleep

RTS
Sender 2 CS Send data if CTS received

SYNC RTS
Sender 3 CS CS Send data if CTS received

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 Collision and Overhearing Avoidance
 Collision Avoidance
– Using RTS/CTS
 Overhearing Avoidance
– Set timer using NAV
– If timer is not zero, a node go to sleep

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 Message Passing
 Transmitting a long message as a packet is
disadvantageous as the re-transmission cost is
high
 Fragmentation into small packets will lead to
high control overhead as each packet should
contend using RTS/CTS

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 Message Passing
 Solution
– Fragment message in to small packets and transmit them as
a burst
 Advantages
– Reduces latency of the message
– Reduces control overhead
 Disadvantage
– Node-to-node fairness is reduced, as nodes with small
packets to send has to wait till the message burst is
transmitted
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 S-MAC Conclusions
 Advantages:
– Periodically sleep reduces energy consumption in idle
listening
– Sleep during transmissions of other nodes
– Message passing reduces contention latency and control
packet overhead
 Disadvantages:
– Reduction in both per-node fairness & latency

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 References
 I.F. Akyilidiz and W.Su and Y. Sankarsubramaniam, “ A Survey on Sensor
Networks,” in IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2004.
 “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY)
Specifications.” IEEE 802.11 Standards, 1997.
 I. Demirkol, C. Ersoy, and F. Alagoz, “MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor
Networks: a survey,” IEEE Communication magazine, vol. 44, no. 4, pp.
115-121, April 2006.
 W. Ye and J. Heideman, “Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor
Networks,” in USC/ISI Technical Report, ISI-TR-580, 2003.
 T.V Dam and K. Langendeon, “An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC
Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” in The First ACM Conference on
Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, 2003
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Questions and comments

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