Welcome!

Programming Fundamentals, C++

 Books
2

 Text book:
 Object-Oriented Programming in C++ by Robert
Lafore
 Reference book:
 C++, How to Program by Deitel & Deitel
 Introduction

 Without software, the computer is useless

 Software developed with programming
languages
 C++ is a programming language
 C++ suited for a wide variety of programming
tasks
 Before programming, it is useful to understand
some useful terminology

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 Hardware
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 The hardware components

are the electronic and
mechanical parts.
 hardware devices
 Keyboard, mouse, etc.
 Screen (monitor)
 Disks
 Memory
 Processing Units
 Major Hardware Components
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 Input devices
 Obtains data from outside of the computer.
 Usually a keyboard, mouse, disk or scanner

 Output devices
 Makes info available outside the computer.
 Screens, paper printouts, speakers
 Major Hardware Components
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 Processor
 Central Processing Unit or CPU
 The brain of a computer system.

 It does the fundamental computing within the system.

 Responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a
computer.
 Directly or indirectly controls all the other components.
 Major Hardware Components
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 Memory
 holds data and programs that CPU is using, and save results of
programs.
 Rapid access, low capacity, short-term, temporary “warehouse”.
 Often called main memory, primary memory, or Random Access
Memory (RAM)
 “4 gigabytes (4GB) of RAM”
 One megabyte of memory is enough to hold approximately one
million characters of a word processing document.
 10242 bytes = 1 megabyte & 10243 bytes = 1 gigabyte
 Major Hardware Components
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 Secondary storage
 Stores programs or data not currently being used by
other units on secondary storage devices (like hard disk
and floppy disks)
 Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse”

 Takes longer to access than primary memory

 Types of Softwares/Programs
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 Software is a general term for the various kinds

of programs used to operate computers and
related devices
 There are two categories of programs.
 Application programs are programs that people use
to get their work done.
 Word Processor, Web Browsers, etc.
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▫ System System software is used for operating

computer hardware.
 Operating System is a kind of system software which is
developed to make using computers more convenient.
Windows, Unix, Linux, Macintosh.
 Some other examples of system software's are compiler,
assembler, debugger, driver, etc
 Question
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 Imagine that you are using a word processor

program to write a letter.
 Where (in the computer system) is the program you
are running?
 Where are the characters you have typed before
you hit “save” button? After you hit “save” button?
 Answer
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 Where (in the computer system) is the program you

are running?
 Inmain memory. (A permanent copy will also be in
secondary storage--the hard disk).
 Where are the characters you have typed?
 Inmain memory. (When you "save" your document, they
will be copied to a file on the hard disk or the place
you specified.)
Computer Organization Basics

Memory

Input Output
Devices Devices

CPU

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 Central Processing Unit
 Brains of the computer  Executes program
instructions!
 Arithmetic/Logic Unit performs arithmetic
operations, and makes logical comparisons
 Control Unit decodes and executes your instructions

 Arithmetic operations are performed using the binary

number system
 Computer only understands 1’s and 0’s!

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Language of a Computer
 The only language a computer directly understands is
sequences of 0s and 1s
 The language made up of 0s and 1s is called machine
language
 The digits 0 or 1 are called binary digits (bits) with eight
bits equalling a byte
 A sequence of 0s and 1s is also referred to as binary
code

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 Computer Programming

The process of planning a sequence

of steps for a computer to follow.

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 Computer Programming

 Computer is a powerful tool

 It is not intelligent!
 In order to use computer to solve our problems, we must tell
it what we want done and the order in which we want it
done.
 These instructions are called computer program.
 This process is called computer programming.
 The person giving these instructions is called a computer
programmer.

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 Computer Programming

 Analyze the problem

 Develop a sequence of instructions for solving the
problem.
 Communicate it to the computer.

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 Some Well-Known Programming
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Languages

C++
BASIC Ruby
FORTRAN
Java
Visual Basic
COBOL C#
JavaScript
C Python
 Types of Programming Languages
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 Types of languages:

 Low-level: used for communication with

computer hardware directly. Often
written in binary machine code (0’s/1’s)
directly.

 High-level: closer to human language

 Types of Programming Languages
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▫ Machine languages
 machine dependent
 Close to machine
▫ Assembly languages
 machine dependent
 Close to machine
▫ High-level languages
 most are portable
 Close to human
 Specific languages include C, C++, Visual Basic and
Java
 The Evolution of Programming
Languages
 Early computers were programmed in machine
language
 To calculate wages = rates * hours in
machine language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store

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 Assembly Language
 Assembly language instructions are mnemonic
 Assembler: translates a program written in assembly
language into machine language

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 Assembly Language (continued)

 Using assembly language instructions, wages =

rates • hours can be written as:

LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages

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 High-Level Languages

 High-level languages include Basic, FORTRAN,

COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, C#, and Java
 Compiler: translates a program written in a high-
level language machine language
 The equation wages = rate • hours can
be written in C++ as:
wages = rate * hours;

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 Compilers and Interpreters

 An interpreter translates source code one line at a time and

executes the instruction
 A compiler is a program that changes source code to object code,
all in one shot
 Example of an interpreted language: BASIC; a compiled
27 language: C
 Compilers
 Translate high-level language to
machine language

 Source code
 the original program in a high level language
 Object code
 the translated version in machine language

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 Compiler and Interpreter
COMPILER INTERPRETER
Input It takes an entire program at a time. It takes a single line of code
or instruction at a time.

Output It generates intermediate object code. It does not produce any

intermediate object code.

Errors Display all errors after compilation, all at Displays error of each line one
the same time. by one.

Pertaining C, C++, C#, Scala, typescript uses Java, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby
Programming compiler. uses an interpreter.
languages

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 Data and Information
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Data Information

Meaning Data is raw, unorganized facts that When data is processed, organized,
need to be processed. Data can be structured or presented in a given context so
something simple and seemingly random as to make it useful, it is called information.
and useless until it is organized.

Example Each student's test score is one piece of The average score of a class or of the entire
data. school is information that can be derived
from the given data.
 Algorithm
Algorithm is a process that a computer could carry out to
complete a well defined task within finite time and
resources.

The objective of computer science is to solve problems by

developing, analyzing, and implementing algorithmic
solutions.

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 Al-Khwarizimi Principle

 All complex problems can be broken into simpler sub-

problems.
 Solve a complex problem by breaking it down into
smaller sub-problems and then solve them (in a specified
order), one at a time.
 When all the steps are solved, the original problem itself
has also been solved.
 This process is called Algorithm.

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 Divide and Conquer

 Same as the Alkhwarzimi Principle.

 Breakup the large problem into smaller units and
then solve them one at a time.
 Building block approach.

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 Divide and Conquer
Hard Problem

Easy Sub-problem Hard Sub-problem Easy Sub-problem

Easy Sub-problem Easy Sub-problem

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Algorithms
 Algorithm: A step-by-step sequence of instructions
that must terminate
 Pseudocode
 Use of English-like phrases to describe an algorithm
 Flowchart
 Useof diagrams that employ symbols to describe an
algorithm

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 Problem Solving Techniques

 What is the unknown?

 What is required?

 What are the data?

 What is given?

 What is the condition?

 By what condition the unknown is linked to the data?

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 Algorithm
Make a Jam and Butter Sandwich
 Output
 Jam and Butter Sandwiches
 Inputs
 Jam, Butter, Bread, Knife, Plate
 Process(Pseudocode)
1. Put two slices of bread on the plate
2. Using the knife, spread butter on one side
3. Using the knife, spread jam on the other side
4. Put the two slices together, clean side out
5. Repeat from step 1 to 4 to prepare more sandwiches

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 Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius

 Output
 Temperature in Celsius (C)

 Inputs
 Temperature in Fahrenheit (F)

 Process
5
C  (F  32)
9

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 Algorithm
ATM for withdrawal
 Inputs
 User Identification (ATM card), password, amount
 Output
 Money, error messages

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 ATM for withdrawal - Process
1. Get the ATM card for identification and ask for
password
2. Check password
3. If password is not valid, generate an error message and
go to step number 8.
4. Get the amount from the user
5. Check the current balance
6. If amount is greater than current balance, generate an
error message and go to step number 8.
7. Subtract the amount from the balance and give out the
cash.
8. Return the ATM card
9. Stop

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 Flowchart
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It is a graphical way to describe the solution of the

problem.
Flow Chart Symbols

Start and End Selection Data

Flow

Input / output Calculation

 Problem : Compute and print the summation of two
numbers.
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Input a,b

S=a+b

Output s
 Problem : Compute the area of the circle. Where
area = 3.14 x R2
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Input r

A = 3.14 * R *R

Output A
 Problem : Read any number from the user, then print
positive if it is positive.
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Input Num

True
Num>0

Output
False “Positive”
 Problem : Read any number from the user, then print
positive if it is positive and print negative otherwise.
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Input Num

False True
Num>0

Output Output
“Negative” “Positive”
 Problem : Read Two numbers from the user, then print
the greatest one.
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Input x, y

False True
X>y

Output Output
y x
 What Can a Program Do?
 A program can only instruct a computer to:
 Read Input
 Calculate
 Store data
 Write Output
 Work in a sequential progression (Sequence)
 Compare and branch (Selection)
 Iterate or Loop (Repetition)

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 Programming Methodologies

 Two popular approaches to programming design

 Structured

 Object-oriented

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 Structured Programming
 Structured design:
 Dividing a problem into smaller subproblems
 Structured programming:
 Implementing a structured design
 The structured design approach is also called:
 Top-down (or bottom-up) design
 Stepwise refinement
 Modular programming
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 Program
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 A computer program is a collection of instructions

that performs a specific task when executed by a
computer. A computer requires programs to function.
A computer program is usually written by a
computer programmer in a programming language
 Calculate and print the average grade of 3 tests
for the entire class
 Input
 3 test scores for each student
 output
 Average of 3 tests for each student
 Process(Pseudocode)
1. Get three scores
2. Add them together
3. Divide by three to get the average
4. Print the average
5. Repeat step 1 to 4 for next student
6. Stop if there are no more students

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 Problem : Compute and print the average of three
numbers.
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Input n1,n2,n3

S = n1+n2+n3
Average = s / 3

Output average
 Compute and print the average of
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three numbers.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b ,c,sum, average;
cout << "Please enter three integers:\n";
cin >> a >> b >> c;
sum = a+b+c;
average = sum/3;
cout << "The average of 3 numbers is: " << average;
 Basics of a Typical
Program is created in
C++ Environment Editor Disk the editor and stored
on disk.
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Preprocessor Disk
Preprocessor program
Phases of C++ processes the code.

Compiler creates
Programs: Compiler Disk object code and stores
it on disk.

Linker links the object

1. Edit Linker Disk code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
stores it on disk
2. Preprocess Loader
Primary
Memory

3. Compile Loader puts program

in memory.
Disk ..
..

4. Link ..

Primary
Memory
5. Load CPU
CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
6. Execute ..
storing new data
values as the program
..
.. executes.
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 Integrated Development Environments
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(IDEs)
 An integrated development environment, or IDE,
combine all the tools needed to write, compile, and
debug a program into a single software
application.
 Examples are Microsoft Visual C++, Turbo C++
Explorer, CodeWarrior, Borland C++ Builder etc.
 Trubo c++
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 Integrated Development Environments
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(IDEs)
 Processing a Program

 To execute a C++ program:

 Use an editor to create a source program in C++
 Preprocessor directives begin with # and are
processed by a the preprocessor
 Use the compiler to:
 Check that the program obeys the rules
 Translate into machine language (object program)
 SoftwareDevelopment Kit (SDK) may be used to
create a program

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 Processing a Program (continued)

 To execute a C++ program (continued):

 Linker:
 Combines object program with other programs to create
executable code
 Loader:
 Loads executable program into main memory
 The last step is to execute the program

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 Linkers
 Some programs we use are already compiled
 Theirobject code is available for us to use
 For example: Input and output routines

 A Linker combines
 The object code for the programs we write
and
 The object code for the pre-compiled routines
into
The machine language program the CPU can run
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 Programming with the Problem
Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle
 Programming is a process of problem solving
 One problem-solving technique:
 Analyze the problem
 Outline the problem requirements (inputs/outputs?)

 Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem

 Algorithm:
 Step-by-step problem-solving process
 Solution achieved in finite amount of time

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 Programming with the Problem
Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle
 Step 1 - Analyze the problem
 Outline the problem and its requirements
 Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem

 Step 2 - Implement the algorithm

 Implement the algorithm in code
 Verify that the algorithm works

 Step 3 - Maintenance
 Use and modify the program if the problem domain
changes
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 Analyze the Problem

 Thoroughly understand the problem

 Understand problem requirements
 What are the inputs?
 Does program require user interaction?
 Does program manipulate data?
 What is the output?

 If the problem is complex, divide it into

subproblems
 Analyze each subproblem as above

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 Design an Algorithm

 If problem was broken into subproblems

 Design algorithms for each subproblem
 Check the correctness of algorithm
 Cantest using sample data
 Some mathematical analysis might be required

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 Write the Code

 Once the algorithm is designed and correctness

verified
 Write the equivalent code in high-level language
 Enter the program using text editor

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 Compiling and Linking

 Run code through compiler

 If compiler generates errors
 Look at code and remove errors
 Run code again through compiler

 If there are no syntax errors

 Compiler generates equivalent machine code
 Linker links machine code with system resources

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 The Loader and Executing

 Once compiled and linked, loader can place

program into main memory for execution
 The final step is to execute the program
 Compiler guarantees that the program follows
the rules of the language
 Does not guarantee that the program will run
correctly

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 1.1 Algorithms and programs ...

From problem . . . to solution

thinking programming program

problem algorithm (C++)

compiler
CPU binary
solution!
program

“One hour of thinking can easily save one week of programming!”

Or: programming is not trial-and-error!

70 ¨
 C++
 C++ is an extension of C.
 C++ was first developed in the early 1980s
(back in the last century!).
 Focus was on Object Oriented Programming
 viewcomputer programs as collection of objects.
 Objects have attributes and actions.

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 History of C and C++
 History of C
 Evolved from two other programming languages
 BCPL and B: “Typeless” languages

 Dennis Ritchie (Bell Lab): Added typing, other features

 1989: ANSI standard/ ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990
 History of C++
 Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Lab)
 Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming
 Objects: reusable software components
 Object-oriented programs

 Building block approach” for creating programs

 C++ programs are built from pieces called classes and functions
 C++ standard library: Rich collections of existing classes and functions
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 Structured/OO Programming
 Structured programming (1960s)
 Disciplined approach to writing programs
 Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify
 E.g.Pascal:1971: Niklaus Wirth
 OOP
 “Software reuse”
 “Modularity”
 “Extensible”
 More understandable, better organized and easier to maintain than
procedural programming

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 Parts of a C++ Program
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comment
// sample C++ program
preprocessor
#include <iostream> directive
using namespace std; which namespace
to use
int main() beginning of
function named main
{ beginning of
block for main
cout << "Hello World"; output
statement
return 0;
string
} end of block literal
for main send 0 to
operating system
75

 #include <iostream> Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are

directives for the preprocessor. They are not regular code lines with
expressions but indications for the compiler's preprocessor.
 using namespace std; All the elements of the standard C++ library are
declared within what is called a namespace, the namespace with the
name std’.
 int main () This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of
the main function. The main function is the point by where all C++
programs start their execution, independently of its location within the
source code.
 Header Files
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 Header files contains functions, classes or objects which can be used in

the program
 LIBRARY FILE is that in which definition of a particular function is written.
 MATH.H is a HEADER FILE while MATH.LIB is library file. Header Files :
These are the files that are included at the top of any program. ... .
 There are two variables (among others) defined in <iostream>. cout is
used for output, cin for input. Important Point. cout and cin are not key
words in the C++ language.
 The cout Object
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 Displays output on the computer screen

 You use the stream insertion operator << to send

output to cout:

cout << "Programming is fun!";

 The cout Object
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 Can be used to send more than one item to cout:

cout << "Hello " << "there!";

Or:

cout << "Hello ";

cout << "there!";
 The cout Object
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 This produces one line of output:

cout << "Programming is ";

cout << "fun!";
 The endl Manipulator
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 You can use the endl manipulator to start a new

line of output. This will produce two lines of output:

cout << "Programming is"<<endl;

cout << "fun!";
 The endl Manipulator
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cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";

Programming is
fun!
 The \n Escape Sequence
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 You can also use the \n escape sequence to start a

new line of output. This will produce two lines of
output:

cout << "Programming is\n";

cout << "fun!";

Notice that the \n is INSIDE

the string.
 The \n Escape Sequence
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cout << "Programming is\n";

cout << "fun!";

Programming is
fun!
 cin
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 Imagine a stream of data flowing from the keyboard to the

computer/memory
 istream = Console INstream
 You can extract a value from this stream
 Just use the extraction operator to get a value from the
stream of data and put it in your variable
 cin >> intVariable;

intVariable
 #include <conio.h>

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 Quiz 1
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 What is the difference between algorithm and flow

chart ? Explain with the help of example.
 What is header files?