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Leccture 01

The document provides an introduction to programming fundamentals, describing what a computer is, its basic hardware components like the CPU and memory, how programs are executed via machine code and higher-level languages, and an overview of the problem solving and programming process from analyzing a problem to developing an algorithm and code to solve it. It also explains the pre-processing steps needed to compile and execute a C++ program, including using a text editor to write source code, preprocessing directives, compiling, linking libraries, loading the executable, and running the program.

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Aqeel Abbas
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27 views33 pages

Leccture 01

The document provides an introduction to programming fundamentals, describing what a computer is, its basic hardware components like the CPU and memory, how programs are executed via machine code and higher-level languages, and an overview of the problem solving and programming process from analyzing a problem to developing an algorithm and code to solve it. It also explains the pre-processing steps needed to compile and execute a C++ program, including using a text editor to write source code, preprocessing directives, compiling, linking libraries, loading the executable, and running the program.

Uploaded by

Aqeel Abbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Fundamentals

Lecture 1

Aamina Batool
What is a computer?

 [Norton] A Computer is an electronic device that


processes data, converting it into information that is useful
to people.

 [Wikipedia] A Computer is a programmable device, usually


electronic in nature, that can store, retrieve and process
data.
Elements of a Computer

1. Hardware
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Main Memory
 Secondary Storage
 Input/ Output Devices

2. Software
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The main components of the CPU are:


1. Control unit (CU)
2. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
3. Registers.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

1. CU (Control Unit):
 Fetches and decodes instructions

 Controls flow of information in and out of MM

 Controls operation of internal CPU components

2. ALU (arithmetic logic unit): carries out all arithmetic and


logical operations
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

3. Registers:

1. PC (program counter): points to next instruction to be


executed

2. IR (instruction register): holds instruction currently being


executed
Main Memory

 Directly connected to the CPU

 All programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be
executed

 All data must be brought into main memory before it can be


manipulated

 When computer power is turned off, everything in main memory is


lost
Secondary Storage

 Secondary storage: Device that stores information permanently


 Examples of secondary storage:
 Hard disks
 Floppy disks
 Zip disks
 CD-ROMs
 Tapes
 Flash drives
Input/Output Devices

 Input devices feed data and programs into computers. They


include:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Secondary storage
 Output devices display results. They include:
 Monitor
 Printer
 Secondary storage
Software

 Software: Programs that do specific tasks


1. System programs take control of the computer, such as an
operating system
 Operating System monitors the overall activity of the computer and
provides services.
2. Application programs perform a specific task
 Word processors
 Spreadsheets
 Games
Language of a Computer

 Digital signals are sequences of 0s and 1s


 Machine language: language of a computer
 Binary digit (bit):
 The digit 0 or 1
 Binary code:
 A sequence of 0s and 1s
 Byte:
 A sequence of eight bits
Programming Language Evolution

 Early computers were programmed in machine language


 To calculate wages = rates * hours in machine language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store
Assembly Language

 Assembly language instructions are mnemonic.


 Mnemonic (easy-to-remember).
 Assembler: translates a program written in assembly language into machine
language
High-level Languages

 High-level languages include Basic, Pascal, C++, C, and Java

 The equation wages = rate • hours can be written in C++


as:
wages = rate * hours;
Limitations of Computers

 The computer can do nothing without being told what to do.


 A computer is not intelligent.
 It cannot analyze a problem and come up with a solution.
 A human must
1. Analyze the problem
2. Develop the instructions for solving the problem (the program),
3. Then ask the computer to carry out these instructions
Advantage of Using a Computer

 Once a solution is written for the computer, it can repeat


the solution
 very quickly
 consistently,
 again and again, for different situations and data.
What is Computer Science

 Computer science is the study of


1. Problems
2. Problem-solving
3. The solutions that come out of the problem-solving process.
 Given a problem, a computer scientist’s goal is to develop an
algorithm for solving a problem..
 An algorithm is a precise sequence of instructions for solving a
problem.
Steps of Solving a Problem

1. Understand the Problem


2. Formulate a Model
3. Develop an Algorithm
4. Write the Program
5. Test the Program
6. Evaluate the Solution
Problem Solving Process

 Step 1 - Analyze the problem


1. Outline the problem and its requirements
2. Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem
 Step 2 - Implement the algorithm
1. Implement the algorithm in code
2. Verify that the algorithm works
 Step 3 - Maintenance
1. Use and modify the program if the problem domain changes
Example

Problem: Design algorithm to find the perimeter and area of a


rectangle.
Analyze the problem:
 To find the perimeter and area of a rectangle, we need to know the
rectangle’s length and width.
 The perimeter and area of rectangle is given by the following
formula:
 Perimeter = 2 . (length + width)
 Area = length . width
Example (continues)

Design algorithm:
1. Get length of Rectangle.
2. Get width of Rectangle.
3. Find the perimeter using the following equation:
Perimeter = 2 . (length + width)

1. Find the area using the following equation:


Area = length . width
A C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "My first C++ program." << endl;
cout << "The sum of 2 and 3 = " << 5 << endl;
cout << "7 + 8 = " << 7 + 8 << endl;
return 0;
}

Sample Run:
My first C++ program.
The sum of 2 and 3 = 5
7 + 8 = 15
Pre-processing a Program

The following steps are necessary to process


a program in C++:

Step 1: Use text editor to create a C++


program. This program is called source code
or source program.
Pre-processing a Program

Step 2: In a C++ program,


statements that begin with the
symbol # are called preprocessor
directives. These statements are
processed by a program called
preprocessor.
Pre-processing a Program

Step 3: Compiler is used to:


1. verifies that the program obeys
the rules of the programming
language and checks the source
program for syntax errors.
2. Translate the program into
equivalent machine language
(object program).

Compiler: translates a program written in a


high-level language to machine language
Pre-processing a Program

Step 4: Programs in high level


languages are developed using a
software development kit (SDK).
• SDK contains programs that are
useful in creating your program
such as mathematical functions.
• The prewritten code resides in a
library.
• Linker combines the object code
with the program from libraries.
Pre-processing a Program

Step 5: You must load the


executable program into main
memory for execution.

Loader: a program that loads an


executable program into main
memory.
Pre-processing a Program

Step 6: The final step is to execute


the program.
References

1. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition


2. https://www.just.edu.jo/~yahya-t/cs115/

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