1.

Italian Landscape Design

2. The English Landscape Design
3. French landscape
4. Muslim Or Mughol Gardens_
5. Spain & India
6. Persian Landscape
7. Reign of the Mongols:
Italian Landscape Design

Best example of gardening in a limited area

•Variety of plants
•Variation in shapes
•Texture of design element
•Inclusion of sculptures and fountains at suitable places
•Well connected paths
•And bounded by walls.
Best Salient features
• Gardens were never too large
• Most of them were built as terraces because the land was hilly
• As climate was hot, shady tree and trickling water were preferred
at a high expanse of open field.
Villa D' Este a Tivoli

Nearly 500 years of myth and history have done nothing to

dull the magic and mystery of the glorious Villa d'Este at
Tivoli, and arguably the most beautiful villa in all of Italy.

Maymont

• Maymont garden is a public park: It incorporates a

number of features characteristic of the Italian style ie.
fountains, geometrically-shaped beds, sculpture, the
contrast of sun and shade within the long pergola that
stretches along the northern edge of the garden.

• Most of the trees in the Italian Garden are conifers,

and include Himalayan Pine, White Pine, Pitch Pine,
Shortleaf Pine, Colorado Blue Spruce, American
Arborvitae, Oriental Arborvitae, Eastern Red cedar,
Chinese Juniper, Eastern Hemlock , Hinoki False
cypress and Moss Cypress.
 Water
• A Italian pleasure garden would boast several water features on
the property. In fact, each view might contain its own water
feature. From the central fountain to a stream running down the
terrace, to a garden pond to an elaborate pool that was an
important social element of the Italian world.

• No description of Villa d'Este is complete without mention of the famous Water

Organ Fountain. It's said that the hydraulic-pneumatic technology that made this
water-and-air-powered musical fountain possible in the 16th century actually dates
back to 1st-century Alexandria. Villa d'Este is a garden with 100 fountains in it.

Remarks
• Italian garden is not only the place of beauty but also the Place
of aesthetic and romantic architecture. Edith Wharton once
wrote that an Italian garden "does not exist for its flowers; its
flowers exist for it." Here the features and the elements are key
factor to enlighten the name of Italian garden. Fountain of the Water Organ in Villa D' Este
 The English Landscape Design
William Kent was the first garden designer to apply this notion into sculpting gardens, and
Humphrey Repton and Capability Brown were influential designers that followed in his
footsteps, however it was not the basic English notion.

the beauty of English garden landscaping is that it

•combines an appealing blend of both groomed and natural beauty.
•English designs are characterized by simplicity, but are pleasing to the eyes.
 Types of English Garden:

• Botanical garden • Rain garden

• Butterfly Garden • Raised bed gardening
• Butterfly zoo • Residential garden
• Community garden
• Roof garden
• Container garden
• Cottage garden • Sacred garden
• Cutting garden • Sensory garden
• Garden conservatory • Square foot garden
• Greenhouse • Vertical garden
• Forest garden • Walled garden
• Hydroponic garden • Zoological garden
 An important ingredient in an English garden is the "accessories" or in other words, the
structures or the "whimsy“. Often there is an entry - a gate, an arbor, or a trellis. Other
structures might be a bench or other garden furniture, or a water feature, a fountain and
pool perhaps.

3rd step is garden structure or Whimsy

The Tudors followed Italian influence in creating gardens which mirrored the
alignment of the house, creating a harmony of line and proportion that had
been missing in the Medieval period..

Garden styles at a glance

• Roman Britain: formal, low hedges

• Medieval: small enclosed, with turf
seats and mounds
• Tudor: knot gardens, enclosed in
hedges or walls
• Stuart: formal Italianate and French
styles
• Georgian: informal, landscaped, open
parkland
• Victorian: bedding plants, colourful,
Leeds castle public gardens
• 20th C: mixed styles, herbaceous
borders
 Lawns
• Lawns are very much part of an English Garden
whether small or large. To make lawns in circles
or curved shapes and try to avoid harsh
rectangles or squares shapes.

WATER BODIES
In the United Kingdom A man-
Water is enclosed in a pond
made or natural waterbody which
which is shallow enough for
is pond between 1m2 and 2
sunlight to reach the bottom, hectares (~5 acres or 20,000 m²)

permitting the growth of rootedin area &In other parts of Europe

some biologists prefer to set the
plants at its deepest point.
upper size limit at 5 ha (12.355
A garden pond. acres).
•SALIENT FEATURES
•Large gardens
•Natural features
•Rural landscape introduced into city.
FRENCH Landscape Design
•Based on
symmetry and
the principle of imposing order over nature.

•Started in the 17th century with the creation of the

gardens of versailles, designed for louis XIV by the landscape architect andré
le nôtre. The style was widely copied by other courts of Europe.
•gardens of Versailles.

meticulous manicured lawns,

parterres of flowers, and
sculptures are the fountains

Versailles Plan Jean Delagrive

Statistical Information on the gardens of Versailles
Size: 800 ha.
Number of trees: 200,000
Flowers planted annually: 210,000
Number of fountains: 50
Number of jets of water: 620
Surface area of the Grand Canal: 23 ha.
Perimeter of the Grand Canal: 5.57 km
Amount of piping to feed the fountains: 35 km.
Amount of water consumed by the fountains during the ‘‘Grandes Eaux’’: 3,600 m3

Versailles Plan Jean Delagrive

Re plantations of the garden

Common to any long-lived garden is re plantation, and Versailles is no

exception. In their history, the gardens of Versailles have undergone no less
than five major re plantations.

Versailles Plan Jean Delagrive

•Absolute command of nature was their philosophy
•Geometric forms in landscape setting
•Use of natural vista

•Rond point

French Formal Garden in Loire Valley

Background of French Gardens
The French formal garden had its
origins in sixteenth-century Italian
gardens such as Boboli Gardens
behind Palazzo Pitti, Florence, laid
out by a series of architect-
designers for the Grand Duchess
Eleanor of Toledo. The formal
parterre of clipped evergreens was
transferred to France, where some
of the earliest formal parterres
were those laid out at Anet.
 BASIC PATTERN OF FRENCH GARDEN
• The main features of formal gardens are strong lines and geometric
shapes, usually set within a framework of hedges, paths and paving.
• French Garden Style is smart and stylish.
• The gardens can be simple or lavish, large or small and surround a
traditional or modern house. They can incorporate the entire garden
or just a small, separate area within the garden.
• A formal garden follows a geometric design, where shapes and lines
are duplicated on either side of an imaginary line
Examples
Gardens of the Chateau of Versailles
Gardens of the Chateau Villandry
Manoir of Eyrignac
Gardens of Diane de Poitiers, Château de Chenonceau
Gardens of the Chateau de Vendeuvre
Gardens of Marqueyssac
The Garden of the House of George Sand in Nohant
THE CHPARTERRE GARDEN OF FRANCE

THE ORANGERIE GARDEN OF FRANCE

THE CHATEAU VILLANDRY GARDEN OF LOIREY VALLEY

 CASE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
Palais de Versailles

The splendid palace of the Sun King, Louis XIV,

Versailles was built to impress and it succeeds. The
main avenue descends down a series of terraces and
leads to an impressive fountain ('Bassin d'Apollon') and
on into the far distance.
There are numerous side garden areas to explore,
each with a different atmosphere. Wonderful whatever
the season.
Château de Chenonceau
A formal paterre garden overlooked by one of the most
romantic chateau in the Loire valley, Chenonceau
spans the River Cher.

There are actually two gardens, the large formal

parterre jardin de Diane de Poitiers and a more
simple jardin de Catherine de Medicis surrounding
a pool.
Observations
French garden is the revolutionary step in the modern architecture. It has some
special characteristics which differ from other type of gardens and it represents the
aesthetic sense of French nation.
Muslim Or Mughol Gardens_
Spain & India

The Arab proceeded towards Egypt in 640 ad after conquest

of Syria.

Then they looked towards Spain.

Andalusia which was dominated by Christians, won by moors
in 711ad.
The beginning of Islamic Spain.
The mosque at Cordoba

•785 ad
•Walled rectangle
•1/3rd court of oranges
•Own irrigation system
•Uniformity of size and shape, similar planting
Alhambra palace gardens at Granada
•Court of myrtle’s: ,main feature is the reflective pool.
•The birka or pool helped to cool the palace and acted as a
symbol of power.
•Because water was usually in short supply, the technology
required to keep these pools full was expensive and difficult
•Court of lion’s: decorative
•Cooling feature
 The gardens at general life

•Planted in symmetry
•Water canal
•Fountains alongside

Alhambra Generalife fountains

 Persian Landscape
From the time of the Achaemenid dynasty the idea of an earthly paradise
spread through Persian literature and example to other cultures, both the
Hellenistic gardens of the Seleucids and the Ptolemies in Alexandria. The
Avestan word pairidaêza-, Old Persian paridaida-, Median paridaiza-
(walled-around, i.e., a walled garden), was transliterated into Greek
paradeisoi, then rendered into the Latin paradisus, and from there
entered into European languages, e.g., French paradis, German
Paradies, and English paradise. The word entered Semitic languages as
well: Akkadian pardesu, Hebrew pardes, and Arabic firdaws.
 Persian Landscape
The tradition and style of garden design of Persian gardens
influenced by the design of gardens from Andalusia to
India. From the time of the Achaemenid dynasty the idea of
an earthly paradise spread through Persian literature. The
garden's purpose was, and is, to provide a place for
protected relaxation essentially a paradise on earth
The garden's purpose was, and is-
• To provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of
manners: spiritual and leisurely (such as meetings with
friends).
• As a place for contemplation and conservation, where body
and spirit were in repose and the mind liberated from
preconceptions.
The paradise garden takes some of its character from its original arid or semi-arid
homeland. The most basic feature is the enclosure of the cultivated area. This excludes
the wildness of nature, and includes the tended, watered greenery of the garden. The
commonest and easiest layout for the perimeter walls is that of a rectangle, and this
forms one of the prime features of this kind of garden. Another common theme is the
elaborate use of water, often in canals, ponds or rills, sometimes in fountains, less often
in waterfalls of various kinds.

Layout Of Persian Garden

The six primary styles of the Persian garden may be
seen in the following table, which puts them in the
context of their function and style. Gardens are not
limited to a particular style, but often integrate
different styles, or have areas with different functions
and styles.

Classical Formal Casual

Public Hayāt Meidān Park

Private Hayāt Bāgh

Chahār Bāgh
Hayāt

Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with heavy emphasis on aesthetics over

function. Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important, with
arches and pools (which may be used to bathe). The ground is often covered in
gravel flagged with stone. Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of
trees, which also provide shade.
Privately, these gardens are often pool-centered and again structural. The pool
serves as a focus and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere. Again,
there are few plants - this is often due to the limited water available in urban
areas.
Meidān

This is a public, formal

garden that puts more
emphasis on the biotic
element than the hayāt
and that minimizes
structure. Plants range
from trees, to shrubs, to
bedding plants, to
grasses. Again, there are
elements such as a pool
and gravel pathways
which divide the lawn.
When structures are
used, they are often
built, as in the case of
pavilions, to provide
shade
Charbagh (Persian ‫ )چهارباغ‬is a
Persian-style garden layout. The
quadrilateral garden is divided by
walkways into four smaller parts.
In Persian, "Chār" means 'four'
and "bāgh" means 'garden'. The
Chahrbagh Addbasi in Isfahan built
by Shah 0Abbas the Great in
(1596), along with the garden of
the Taj Mahal are the most
famous examples of this style. In
the Charbagh at the Taj Mahal,
each of the four parts contains Chāghahar Bagh
sixteen flower beds.
 Park

Much like many other parks, the Persian

park serves a casual public function with
emphasis on plant life. They provide
pathways and seating, but are otherwise
usually limited in terms of structural
elements. The purpose of such places is
relaxation and socialization.

The Persian garden offers an earthly paradise, where it can be used as a place of
spiritual solace, a meeting place for families and friends, or a formal addition to the
house or palace. In contrast to the European build garden, the Persians built lavish
gardens, which consisted of modest herb plantings around monasteries. There are
different types of Persian garden that still can be seen like the a garden featuring a
lake surrounded by tin, 20 meters by 30 meters, or with more than a mile square
with fruits gleaming yellow and red looking just breathtaking on a dusky night.
Different types of Decors for Garden were introduced by the Persians which are
even today used in various types of garden design.
Mosque in Kashan

• The concept of chahar

bagh - the recreation
of Eden with its four
quadrants and four
rivers - as epitomized
by the simple garden
outside a mosque in
Kashan on the right,
was probably
formalized at this
time.
 Royal Mosque in Isfahan

• The oral tradition of Islam,

whether for teaching or
entertainment increased the
importance of trees. They
ceased to be merely sources
of fruit or cover for animals in
hunting parks and became
instead an essential part of
outdoor recreation and
spiritual guidance through
their shade providing
capability as seen in the
seminary attached to the
Royal Mosque in Isfahan.
Reign of the Mongols: Reign of the Safavid:

• The invasion of Persia by the • The Safavid Dynasty

Mongols in the thirteenth (seventeenth to eighteenth
century saw a new emphasis century) built and developed
on highly ornate structure grand and epic layouts
became an integral aesthetic
within the garden, examples and functional part of it. In
of which include tree peonies the following centuries
and chrysanthemums. The European garden design
Mongol empire then carried a began to influence Persia,
Persian garden tradition to particularly the design of
other parts of their empire France and secondarily that
of Russia and the United
(notably India). Kingdom. Western influences
led to changes in the use of
water and the species used in
bedding.
The Palace of Chehel Sotton

Gardens were planted on the

grand scale in the tradition of
the chahar bagh, as frames for
the sumptuous palaces in which
they patronized foreign
ambassadors. Shah Abbas I, the
most famous of the Safavids re-
created Isfahan, making it
uniquely his city. The palace of
Chehel Sotton, although built by
one of his grandchildren shows
the enduring strength of the
tradition he established.
• The six primary styles of the Persian garden may
be seen, which puts them in the context of their
function and style. Gardens are not limited to a
particular style, but often integrate different
styles, or have areas with different functions
and styles.
1. Classical
2. Formal
3. Casual
4. Public
5. Private
6. Park
Classical, Public & Private Garden:

Hayāt

• Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with

heavy emphasis on aesthetics over function.
• Man-made structures in the garden are
particularly important, with arches and pools
(which may be used to bathe).
• The ground is often covered in gravel flagged
with stone.
Public & Formal Garden

Meidān

• This is a public, formal garden that puts

more emphasis on the biotic element
• Plants range from trees, to shrubs, to
bedding plants, to grasses.
• Again, there are elements such as a pool
and gravel pathways which divide the
lawn.
Private and Formal Garden
Chahar Bāgh
1. These gardens are private and formal
2. The basic structure consists of four quadrants divided by waterways
or pathways.
3. These gardens balance structure with greenery, with the plants
often around the periphery of a pool and path based structure

Casual & Public Garden

Bāgh
• Like the other casual garden, the park, bāgh emphasizes the natural
and green aspect of the garden.
• Unlike the park it is a private area often affixed to houses and often
consisting of lawns, trees, and ground plants.
• The waterways and pathways stand out less than in the more formal
counterparts and are largely functional.
• The primary function of such areas is familial relaxation
 Features of Persian Gardens
1. All Persian gardens are walled in.
2. Walls were elaborated with battlements and with round pigeon-towers at the angles.
3. It can be say that the layout was always more or less the same: the long avenues, the
straight walks, the summer-house or pavilion at the end of the walk, the narrow canals,
widening out into pools which oddly enough were seldom circular, but more likely to be
rectangular, square, octagonal, cross-shaped, or with shamrock-like ends.
4. Sometimes these pools were reproduced inside the pavilion itself: a mirror of water beneath
a domed roof, fantastically reflecting all the honeycomb elaboration of the ceiling.
5. Gardens were mostly used for relaxation.
6. Trees and structures were used as shade.
7. Pathways were found in the gardens.
8. Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important, with arches and pools. When
structures are used, they are often built, as in the case of pavilions, to provide shade.
9. These gardens are often pool-centered and again structural. The pool serves as a focus
and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere.
10. The ground is often covered in flagged with stone ie gravel pathways which divide the lawn.
11. Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of trees, which also provide shade.
12. Traditionally, such gardens would be used in work-related functions for the rich (such as
entertaining ambassadors). The primary function of such areas is familial relaxation.
 Conclusion
The Persian garden offers an earthly paradise, where it can be used as a place of
spiritual solace, a meeting place for families and friends, or a formal addition to
the house or palace.
Mughal Gardens

BASIC PATTERN
Landscaping in The South Asian Sub-continent
•Landscape planning and design in this region is A product of sensible housing with place of
work,Places of recreations,places of culture as cohesive unit.

•Work & recreation part & parcel of day to day life.

•In Bengal, recreation family and community centered.
•Religious festivals.
 Japanese Landscape

Garden were revered in paradise

Elements were dry rock and quartz
Water features were also used
“Bonsai” is a garden in miniature, represented of nature in aesthetics
value.
Kamejima a turtle-shaped island used in the most ancient gardens
Roji a specialized garden associated with the tea ceremony
Iwagumi a grouping or formation of stones used to represent
waterfalls, mountains or scenes
1. Water, real or symbolic.
2. Rocks.
3. A lantern, typically of stone.
4. A tea house or pavilion.
5. A bridge to the island.

1. Courtyard Style
2. Stroll Style
3. Dry-Landscape
4. Tea-Garden Style
5. Basic Pond Styles
6. Hill-and-Pond Style
Paradise Garden:

• Ginkaku-ji - Temple of the Silver Pavilion

• The Ginkaku-ji buildings originally were the retirement villas of

shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1435-1490). After his death the
complex was converted to the Zen temple of Jisho-ji. Yoshimasa
was the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's grandson.
• The gardens were developed under the influence of the distinctive and stylized
Chinese Gardens.
• It is viewed at their centre of the home.
• Water body, Stones, Rocks, Bridge are the important elements of this gardens.
• Plants are oriented in miniature form.

Other two of the most famous Japanese gardens in

Japan.

• Korakuen Garden, Okayama, Japan Korakuen Garden with Okayama Castle

• The photographs below deal with this transparency, some of them show
Kyoto’s historic gardens as they were seen by those who occupied the
buildings that adjoined them.
•

Jiko-in Ginkaku-ji Daikaku-j