PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK MATERIAL DAN METALURGI

JURUSAN ILMU KEBUMIAN DAN LINGKUNGAN

 Metallurgi II
08 – Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

Rifqi Aulia Tanjung, S.T., M.T.

Dosen Pengampu

Balikpapan
Rifqi.aulia@itk.ac.id
 Aluminum

General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by Aluminum

and its alloys make Aluminum one of the most versatile, economical, and attractive
metallic materials for a broad range of uses—from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to
the most demanding engineering applications. Aluminum alloys are second only to
steels in use as structural metals.
 Aluminum

• Aluminum has a density of only 2.7 g/cm3, approximately one-third as much as steel
(7.83 g/cm3).
• Aluminum has low melting point (660°C)
• Aluminum resists the kind of progressive oxidization that causes steel to rust away.
The thin oxide layer itself clings tightly to the metal and is colourless and
transparent—invisible to the naked eye.
• Aluminum can resist corrosion by water, salt, and other environmental factors, and
by a wide range of other chemical and physical agents.
• Aluminum surfaces can be highly reflective.
• Aluminum typically displays excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, but
specific alloys have been developed with high degrees of electrical resistivity.
 Aluminum

• Non-ferromagnetic, a property of importance in the electrical and electronics

industries.
• Non-pyrophoric, which is important in applications involving inflammable or
explosive-materials handling or exposure.
• Non-toxic and is routinely used in containers for food and beverages.
• Attractive appearance in its natural finish, which can be soft and lustrous or bright
and shiny. It can be virtually any color or texture.
 Aluminum

The ease with which Aluminum may be fabricated into any form is one of its most
important assets. Often it can compete successfully with cheaper materials having a
lower degree of workability. The metal can be cast by any method known to
foundrymen. It can be rolled to any desired thickness down to foil thinner than paper.
Aluminum sheet can be stamped, drawn, spun, or roll formed. The metal also may be
hammered or forged. Aluminum wire, drawn from rolled rod, may be stranded into
cable of any desired size and type. There is almost no limit to the different profiles
(shapes) in which the metal can be extruded.
 Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature

• Aluminum Association Number

• 4 digit number + temper designation (letter and sometimes numbers)
• Wrought vs. cast designation
o 4 digits, no punctuation (e.g. 6061)
o 4 digits, decimal point between last two digits (e.g. 295.0)
 Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature

• Aluminum Association Number

• 4 digit number + temper designation (letter and sometimes numbers)
• Wrought vs. cast designation
o 4 digits, no punctuation (e.g. 6061)
o 4 digits, decimal point between last two digits (e.g. 295.0)
 Wrought Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature
• First digit indicates alloy group
 1xxx: Controlled unalloyed (pure) composition, used primarily in the
electrical and chemical industries
 2xxx: Alloys in which copper is the principal alloying element, although
other elements, notably magnesium, may be specified. 2xxxseries alloys
are widely used in aircraft where their high strength (yield strengths as
high as 455 MPa, or 66 ksi) is valued.
 3xxx: Alloys in which manganese is the principal alloying element, used
as general-purpose alloys for architectural applications and various
products
 4xxx: Alloys in which silicon is the principal alloying element, used in
welding rods and brazing sheet
 Wrought Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature
 5xxx: Alloys in which magnesium is the principal alloying element, used
in boat hulls, gangplanks, and other products exposed to marine
environments
 6xxx: Alloys in which magnesium and silicon are the principal alloying
elements, commonly used for architectural extrusions and automotive
components
 7xxx: Alloys in which zinc is the principal alloying element, used in
aircraft structural components and other high-strength applications.
The 7xxx series are the strongest Aluminum alloys, with yield strengths
≥500 MPa (≥73 ksi) possible.
 8xxx: Alloys characterizing miscellaneous compositions. The 8xxx series
alloys may contain appreciable amounts of tin, lithium, and/or iron.
 9xxx: Reserved for future use
 Wrought Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature

• 10XX are unalloyed

• Last two digits give minimum Aluminum percentage
• 1035 contains 99.35% Aluminum
• The second digit indicates modification or control over specific impurities
(e.g. silicon)
 Cast Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature
• First digit indicates alloy group
 1xx.x: Controlled unalloyed (pure) compositions, especially for rotor
manufacture
 2xx.x: Alloys in which copper is the principal alloying element. Other
alloying elements may be specified.
 3xx.x: Alloys in which silicon is the principal alloying element. The
other alloying elements such as copper and magnesium are
specified. The 3xx.x series comprises nearly 90% of all shaped
castings produced.
 4xx.x: Alloys in which silicon is the principal alloying element.
 Cast Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature
• First digit indicates alloy group
 5xx.x: Alloys in which magnesium is the principal alloying element.
 6xx.x: Unused
 7xx.x: Alloys in which zinc is the principal alloying element. Other
alloying elements such as copper and magnesium may be specified.
 8xx.x: Alloys in which tin is the principal alloying element.
 9xx.x: Unused Heat-treatable casting alloys
 Cast Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature

• Second two digits identify specific alloy

• Last digit indicates casting (0) or ingot (1)
• Letter may be appended, in some cases
• Second two digits indicate minimum aluminum percentage
 135.0 Aluminum is a 99.35% aluminum casting
 135.1 Aluminum is a 99.35% aluminum ingot
Aluminum Alloy Comparison
Aluminum Alloy Comparison
Aluminum Alloy Comparison
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Copper (Cu) 2xxx – The aluminum-copper alloys typically contain between 2 to 10%
copper, with smaller additions of other elements. The copper provides substantial
increases in strength and facilitates precipitation hardening. The introduction of copper
to aluminum can also reduce ductility and corrosion resistance. The susceptibility to
solidification cracking of aluminum-copper alloys is increased; consequently, some of
these alloys can be the most challenging aluminum alloys to weld. These alloys include
some of the highest strength heat treatable aluminum alloys. The most common
applications for the 2xxx series alloys are aerospace, military vehicles and rocket fins.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Manganese (Mn) 3xxx – The addition of manganese to aluminum increases strength

somewhat through solution strengthening and improves strain hardening while not
appreciably reducing ductility or corrosion resistance. These are moderate strength
nonheat-treatable materials that retain strength at elevated temperatures and are
seldom used for major structural applications. The most common applications for the
3xxx series alloys are cooking utensils, radiators, air conditioning condensers,
evaporators, heat exchangers and associated piping systems.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Silicon (Si) 4xxx – The addition of silicon to aluminum reduces melting temperature and
improves fluidity. Silicon alone in aluminum produces a nonheat-treatable alloy;
however, in combination with magnesium it produces a precipitation hardening heat-
treatable alloy. Consequently, there are both heat-treatable and nonheat-treatable
alloys within the 4xxx series. Silicon additions to aluminum are commonly used for the
manufacturing of castings. The most common applications for the 4xxx series alloys are
filler wires for fusion welding and brazing of aluminum.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Magnesium (Mg) 5xxx - The addition of magnesium to aluminum increases strength

through solid solution strengthening and improves their strain hardening ability. These
alloys are the highest strength nonheat-treatable aluminum alloys and are, therefore,
used extensively for structural applications. The 5xxx series alloys are produced mainly
as sheet and plate and only occasionally as extrusions. The reason for this is that these
alloys strain harden quickly and, are, therefore difficult and expensive to extrude. Some
common applications for the 5xxx series alloys are truck and train bodies, buildings,
armored vehicles, ship and boat building, chemical tankers, pressure vessels and
cryogenic tanks.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Magnesium and Silicon (Mg2Si) 6xxx – The addition of magnesium and silicon to
aluminum produces the compound magnesium-silicide (Mg2Si). The formation of this
compound provides the 6xxx series their heat-treatability. The 6xxx series alloys are
easily and economically extruded and for this reason are most often found in an
extensive selection of extruded shapes. These alloys form an important
complementary system with the 5xxx series alloy. The 5xxx series alloy used in the form
of plate and the 6xxx are often joined to the plate in some extruded form. Some of the
common applications for the 6xxx series alloys are handrails, drive shafts, automotive
frame sections, bicycle frames, tubular lawn furniture, scaffolding, stiffeners and braces
used on trucks, boats and many other structural fabrications.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Zinc (Zn) 7xxx – The addition of zinc to aluminum (in conjunction with some other
elements, primarily magnesium and/or copper) produces heat-treatable aluminum
alloys of the highest strength. The zinc substantially increases strength and permits
precipitation hardening. Some of these alloys can be susceptible to stress corrosion
cracking and for this reason are not usually fusion welded. Other alloys within this
series are often fusion welded with excellent results. Some of the common applications
of the 7xxx series alloys are aerospace, armored vehicles, baseball bats and bicycle
frames.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Iron (Fe) – Iron is the most common impurity found in aluminum and is intentionally
added to some pure (1xxx series) alloys to provide a slight increase in strength.

Chromium (Cr) – Chromium is added to aluminum to control grain structure, to prevent

grain growth in aluminum-magnesium alloys, and to prevent recrystallization in
aluminum-magnesium-silicon or aluminum-magnesium-zinc alloys during heat
treatment. Chromium will also reduce stress corrosion susceptibility and improves
toughness.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Nickel (Ni) – Nickel is added to aluminum-copper and to aluminum-silicon alloys to

improve hardness and strength at elevated temperatures and to reduce the coefficient
of expansion.

Titanium (Ti) – Titanium is added to aluminum primarily as a grain refiner. The grain
refining effect of titanium is enhanced if boron is present in the melt or if it is added as a
master alloy containing boron largely combined as TiB2. Titanium is a common addition
to aluminum weld filler wire as it refines the weld structure and helps to prevent weld
cracking.
 Effect of Alloying Elements

Zirconium (Zr) – Zirconium is added to aluminum to form a fine precipitate of

intermatallic particles that inhibit recrystallization.

Lithium (Li) - The addition of lithium to aluminum can substantially increase strength
and, Young’s modulus, provide precipitation hardening and decreases density.

Lead (Pb) and Bismuth (Bi) – Lead and bismuth are added to aluminum to assist in chip
formation and improve machinability. These free machining alloys are often not
weldable because the lead and bismuth produce low melting constituents and can
produce poor mechanical properties and/or high crack sensitivity on solidification.
 TUGAS
Wrought Alloy Classes Deadline :
1xxx-4xxx (Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 357 – 361) 24 – 04 – 2019 Resume
5xxx-8xxx (Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 361 – 363) 29 – 04 – 2019 Translate

Cast Alloy Classes (Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 364 – 366)

Effects of Alloying on Processing

Forming (Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 407 – 410)
Forging & Machining (Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 410 – 412)
Welding & Brazing (Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 412 – 414)
Soldering (Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 414 – 416)

Effects of Major & Minor Alloying Elements in Aluminium (Jurnal / 1-2)

Microstructure Modifying Elements (Jurnal / 3-4)
Effect of Impurity Elements (Jurnal / 4-6)
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