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Curriculum of Cambridge International Examinations (Igcse) - KTSP Introduction, Charateristic and Reproduction of Virus

The document discusses viruses, including their history, characteristics, structure, and reproduction. Some key points: - Viruses were first discovered in the late 1800s by scientists studying tobacco mosaic disease. - Viruses range greatly in size but are generally very small (25-300nm) and can only be seen with an electron microscope. They have a variety of shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and helical. - Viruses are composed of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some have an additional membrane envelope. They reproduce by attaching to and penetrating host cells, using the cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material and proteins before being released to infect new cells

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Hendi Aviano Prasetyo
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95 views27 pages

Curriculum of Cambridge International Examinations (Igcse) - KTSP Introduction, Charateristic and Reproduction of Virus

The document discusses viruses, including their history, characteristics, structure, and reproduction. Some key points: - Viruses were first discovered in the late 1800s by scientists studying tobacco mosaic disease. - Viruses range greatly in size but are generally very small (25-300nm) and can only be seen with an electron microscope. They have a variety of shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and helical. - Viruses are composed of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some have an additional membrane envelope. They reproduce by attaching to and penetrating host cells, using the cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material and proteins before being released to infect new cells

Uploaded by

Hendi Aviano Prasetyo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VIRUSES

Curriculum of cambridge
international examinations
( igcse ) – ktsp

INTRODUCTION,
CHARATERISTIC AND
REPRODUCTION OF VIRUS
BY :
1.IRENA LUCY
2.GITA YULIA SARI
3.HENDI AVIANO P
4.SAMUEL PIRDION
LEARNING OUTCOME
MATERIAL
 INTRODUCTION
qVirus is the latin word for toxin.
qVirus history began when a man named A.Mayer, a
 German scientist, discovered one in 1883. His
research was on the cause of Tobacco mosaic
disease.
qMayer’s hypotesis was tasted by a Russian scientist
named Dmitri Iwanowski in 1892.
qSix years later, a Dutch scientist named Martinus W.
Beijerinck did the experiment the same as what
Iwanowski’s had done.
qViirology is the study of viruses.

A. MAYER RESEARCH

Tobacco mosaic disease hindered the growth of tobacco plant (dwa

Mayer conclude that “The disease was caused by a very small bacterium w
DMITRI IWANOWSKI RESEARCH

eaf extract in a way that wouldn’t allow bacteria to pass through and obtained the tobacc

He conclude that “ a bacterium was the caused


MARTINUS W. BEIJERINCK
 Beijerinck postulated the presence of an agent that
infected the tobacco plant, although he didn’t know
what it was.
He called the infected agent as filterable virus
because it couldn’t pass through the bacterium filter
and couldn’t be observed with microscope.
The term filterable virus was shortened into Virus.
Iwanowski and Beijerinck were considered the
discoverers of Virus.
A. VIRUS CHARATERISTIC

1. SIZE
 Viruses are very small. They are between 25-300 nm
(1nm = 10-9 ).
 The smallest known virus is poliovirus, it is only 25 nm
in length.
 Bacteriophages and Tobacco Mosai Virus (TMV) are
among the largest virusses known with 100 nm and
300 nm in length,respectively.
 Virus can only be observed through an electron
microscope since 1930.
 Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving
characteristics.
 1. Living characteristics of viruses
 a. They reproduce at a fantastic rate, but only in
living host cells.
 b. They can mutate.
 2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses
 a. They are acellular, that is, they contain no
 cytoplasm or cellular organelles.

 b. They carry out no metabolism on their
 own and must replicate using the host cell's
 metabolic machinery. In other words, viruses
don't
 grow and divide. Instead, new viral components
 are synthesized and assembled within the
 infected host cell.

c. The vast majority of viruses possess either DNA
or
 RNA but not both.
THE SIZE
Viruses are usually much smaller than bacteria and are submicrosco
ze from 5 to 300 nanometers (nm) , although some Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000n
 Hepatitis B virus

2. SHAPE
 Viruses have various shapes.
 1. Sphere
 Influenza viruses

AIDS-causing viruses (HIV) are shperes.


AIDS-causing viruses/ HIV



 2. Rod- shaped

An example of rod- shaped virus is The Tobacc


Tobacco Mosaic Virus

mbers of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns (mottling and


Schematic model of TMV:
1. nucleic acid (RNA)
2. capsomer (protomer)
3. capsid (a capsid is the protein shell of a virus.)
3. T- shaped

An example of T- shaped virus is the one infecting bacteria (Bacteriopha


Oval- shaped

The rabies virus is oval-shaped virus.



3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Virus is not a cell (Acellular).
A virus contains a particle called Virion, which
cancrystallized and shows a mineral
characteristics rather than life.
Virus is composed of a nucleic acid and protein
coat called a capsid.


 1. Nucleic acid
vNucleic acid are moleculthat carry
genetic information.
vA virus has only one type of nucleic acid
i.e. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid )or
RNA (Ribonuclei acid).

2. Protein envelope (capsid)
vThe protein coat covering the genetic
material is called the capsid,
composed of a large number protein
subunits called capsomers.
vThe capsid giving the virus its shape.


 CAPSID / CAPSOMERS
Helical Structure


 Helical structure such as Tobacco M



Rod shape
Polyhedral


 Capsomer




Polyhedral such as Adenovirus.


 Complex shape

Capsid
 Nucleic acid and capsid from a structure called
Nucleocapsid.
In some viruses, the nucleocapsid has a membrane called
envelope.
It is composed of lipids and proteins and helps the virus
to infect cells.
An example of a virus with an envelope is the
Influenzavirus.
Viruses without an envelope are called Naked Viruses.
B. REPRODUCTION OF VIRUS
 There’re 5 steps in virus reproduction :
1.Attachment
2.Penetration
3.Replication and synthesis
4.Maturation
5.Lysis

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