PULSE AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS

UNIT-2

NON-LINEAR WAVE
SHAPING
Non-Linear Wave Shaping
Definition: The process where by
the form of a signal is changed
by transmission through a non-
linear network is called Non-
linear Wave Shaping.
Types:
i.Clippers.
ii.Clampers.
Clipper Classifications

According to biasing, the clippers may be classified as

• Unbiased clippers and

• Biased clippers.

According to configuration used the clippers may be

• Series diode clippers
• Parallel or shunt diode clippers
• A series combination of diode, resistor and referencesupply
• Multi-diode clippers consisting of several diodes, resistors
and reference voltages
• Two emitter-coupled transistors operating as an over-driven
Contd…
According to level of clipping the clippersmay be

• Positive clippers
• Negative clippers
• Biased clippers and
• Combination clippers
Clipper
• Clipping circuits are used to remove the part of
a signal that is above or below some defined
reference level.
• Clippers also known as
Voltage limiters
Current limiters Amplitude selectors Slicers
 Unbiased clippers( Parallel
PositiveClippers)
• Without the battery, the output of the circuit below would
be the negative portion of the input wave (assuming the
bottom node is grounded). When vi > 0, the diode is on
(short-circuited), vi is dropped across R and vo=0. When vi
<0, the diode is off (open-circuited), the voltage across R is
zero and vo=vi.
 Unbiased clippers( Parallel
Negative Clippers)
+ive cycle :- anode is at ground potential and cathode
sees variable +ive voltage from 0 to +Vm So
complete cycle, the diode is reverse biased and Vo
=Vin.At positive peak Vo=+5V
-ive cycle :- anode is at ground potential and cathode
sees variable -ive vols from 0 to –Vm. When
magnitude of in put volatge i.e / Vin/ >Vd, the diode
become forward biased and hence Vo =-Vd =0.7V
 Series positive clipper
+ive cycle :- anode is at ground potential and cathode
sees variable +ive voltage from 0 to +Vm.For comlpete,
cycle, diode become reverse biased and hence Vo =0V
-ive cycle :- anode is at ground potential and cathode
sees variable -ive voltage from 0 to –Vm. So in complete
cycle, the diode is forward biased and Vo= Vin + Vd
andAt
Vo= -Vm+ Vdnegative
= -5v peak,
 Series Negative clipper
+ive cycle :- anode is at positive potential from 0 to +Vm.For
comlpete, cycle, diode become forward biased and hence vo=
5v
-ive cycle :- Cathode is at ground potential and cathode sees
variable - ive voltage from 0 to –Vm. So in complete cycle, the
diode is Reverse biased and negative peak, Vo= 0
 Positive Shunt clipping with
zero reference Rvoltage
D
Vi Vo VO VO
Input

Output
Transfercharacteristics equations:
Vγ Vγ
VO=0for Vi>0
[Ideal] Slope =1 Vi
VO= Vi for Vi<
0
VO=Vγfor
D–ON
Vi>Vγ VO=Vi
D–OFF
Vi
for Vi< Vγ

Input
Positive Shunt clipping with positive
reference vRoltage
D
Vi Vo
VR VO VO
Input
Transfer characteristics
equations: VR + Vγ VR + Vγ Output

Vi < VR+Vγ D – OFF

Vi
VO = Vi
Vi > VR+Vγ D – ON
VO = VR+Vγ
Positive Shunt clipping with negative
reference voltage
R

D
VO VO
Vi Vo
V
R Input

Vi
Transfer characteristics Vi
equation:

Output
Vi > Vγ - VR D – ON VO Vi

= Vγ - VR
Vi < Vγ - VR D – OFF
VO = V i
Negative Shunt clipping with zero
reference
R
voltage
VO VO

Vi D Vo
Input

-Vγ -Vγ
Transfer characteristic Vi
equations:
Output
Vi
Vi > -Vγ D – OFF VO = Vγ

Vi < -Vγ D – ON VO = -Vγ

Negative Shunt clipping with positive
reference voltage
R

D VO VO
Vi Vo
VR DOFF
DON

Transfer characteristics VR - Vγ Vi
equations:

Vi < VR-Vγ D – ON Vi
VO = VR-Vγ

Vi > VR-Vγ D – OFF

VO = V i
Negative Shunt clipping with negative
reference voltage
R
VO VO
D
Vi Vo
VR
Vi
Transfer characteristic - (Vγ +VR
equations:

Input
Vi < -( Vγ + VR) D – ON VO Vi
= -( Vγ + VR)

Vi < -( Vγ + VR) D – OFF VO = Vi

 Negative Series clipper with zero
reference
D

VO VO
Vi R Vo
Output
Vi
Transfercharacteristicequations:

Vi<0 D–OFF VO=0

IdealDiode Vi
Vi>0 D–ON VO=Vi

Vi<Vγ D–OFF VO=0

PracticalDiode
Vi>Vγ D–ON VO=Vi-Vγ
 CLIPPING ATTWO
INDEPENDENT
R
LEVELS
D D
Vi V Vo
V VO VO
R R
Input
Transfercharacteristicequations:
Output
Inp Outp VR Vi
DiodeState 1
ut ut
(Vi) (VO)
Vi VR D1 –ON,D2 –OFF VO=VR
1 1
VR  Vi VR D1 –OFF,D2 –OFF VO=Vi Vi
1 2

Vi  VR2 D1 –OFF,D2 –ON VO=VR

2
Contd..
 Transistor Clipper circuit
• The transistor has two types of linearities
—One linearity happens when the transistor passes from cut-in region
to the
active region. The other linearity occurs when the transistor passes
from the active region to the saturation region. When any input signal
passes through the transistor, across the boundary between cut-in
region waveform will be clippedo
and active region, or across the boundary between the active region
and
saturation region, a portion of the input signal ff.
 CLAMPING CIRCUIT
• The need to establish the extremity of the positive (or) negative
signal excursion at some reference level. When the signal is
passed through a capacitive coupling network such a signal has
lost its d.c. component. The clamping circuit introduces the d.c.
components at the outside, for this reason the coupling circuits
are referred to as d.c. restore (or) d.c. reinserter.

• Def : “ A clamping circuit is one that takes an input waveform

and provides an output i.e., a faithful replica of its shape, but has
one edge clamped to the zero voltage reference point.

There are two types of clamping circuits.

• 1) Negative clamping circuit.

• 2) Positive clamping circuit.
 Diode :- Clamper
Positive Clamper:
The circuit for a positive clamper is shown
in the figure. During the negative half cycle
of the input signal, the diode conducts and
acts like a short circuit. The output voltage
Vo  0 volts . The capacitor is charged to
the peak value of input voltage Vm. and it
behaves like a battery. During the positive
half of the input signal, the diode does not
conduct and acts as an open circuit. Hence
the output voltage VoVm+ Vm This gives
a positively clamped voltage.

Vo Vm+ Vm = 2Vm
 Negative Clamper
During the positive half cycle the diode
conducts and acts like a short circuit. The
capacitor charges to peak value of input
voltage Vm.
During this interval the output Vo which is
taken across the short circuit will be zero
During the negative half cycle, the diode is
open. The output voltage can be found by
applying KVL.
Biased Clamper
 CLAMPING CIRCUIT THEOREM
• Therefore the charge acquired by the capacitor
during the forward interval

Consider a square wave input is applied to a clamping circuit

under steady state condition
If Vf (t) is the output waveform in the forward direction, then from below
figure
V
the capacitor charging current is if = f
Rf
Therefore the charge acquired by the capacitor during the
forward interval T1 T1

1 Af
f Rf  f Rf …………….. (1)
i dt = V dt =
0 0
•Similarly if Vf (t) is the output voltage in the reverse direction,
then the current which discharges by the capacitor is

T2 T2
1 Ar
 ir dt = R  Vr dt = R …………….. (2)
T1 T2

In the steady-state the net charge

acquired by the capacitor must be
zero.
Therefore from equation (1) & (2) this
equation says that
for any input waveform the ratio of the area
under the output voltage curve in the
forward direction to the reverse direction is
equal to the ratio .
Clamping Circuit taking Source and
Diode Resistances into account
Practical Clamping circuit
Effect of diode characteristics on
clamping voltage
Synchronized Clamping