EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
AND NETWORKS
Prepared by
S.Maria Seraphin Sujitha,AP/ECE
College Vision
To be an institution of eminence of optimal human
development, excellent engineering education and
pioneering research towards developing a technically-
empowered humane society.
College Mission
To transform the (rural) youth into top class professionals
and technocrats willing to serve local and global society with
ethical integrity, by providing vibrant academic experience of
learning, research and innovation and stimulating
opportunities to develop personal maturity and professional
skills, with inspiring and high caliber faculty in a quality and
serene infrastructural environment.
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
Department Vision
To develop Electronics and Communication Engineers with
ethical competence and international outlook to serve the
society.
Department Mission
Motivate the graduates to achieve academic and career
targets while stressing lifelong learning.
Provide education to compete with confidence in the
national and international arena.
Train the graduates to involve in research and
development.
Develop among the graduates a sense of innovation and
inspire them to transform knowledge and technologies
for the benefit of the society.
Program Educational Objectives (PEO)
PEO1: To enable graduates to pursue research, or have a
successful career in academia or industries
associated with Electronics and Communication Engineering,
or as entrepreneurs.
PEO2: To provide students with strong foundational concepts
and also advanced techniques and tools in order to enable
them to build solutions or systems of varying complexity.
PEO3: To prepare students to critically analyze existing
literature in an area of specialization and
ethically develop innovative and research oriented
methodologies to solve the problems identified.
Program Outcomes (PO) (with Graduate Attributes)
PO1: Engineering knowledge
PO2: Problem analysis
PO3: Design/development of solutions
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems
PO5: Modern tool usage
PO6: The engineer and society
PO7: Environment and sustainability
PO8: Ethics
PO9: Individual and team work
PO10: Communication
Program Specific Objectives (PSO)
PSO1: To analyse, design and develop solutions by applying
foundational concepts of electronics and communication
engineering.
PSO2: To apply design principles and best practices for
developing quality products for scientific and business
applications.
PSO3: To adapt to emerging information and communication
technologies (ICT) to innovate ideas and solutions to
Course Objectives
1.Outline the various optical fiber modes and configuration
of optical fibers.
2.Infer the knowledge of transmission characteristics of
optical fibers.
3.Classify the various optical sources, detectors and
transmission techniques.
4.Develop the knowledge about optical communication
systems and networks.
5.Discuss optical fiber measurements and various coupling
techniques.
Course Outcomes
CO1: Explain the basic elements in optical fibers, different modes and
configurations.
CO2: Analyze the transmission characteristics associated with
dispersion and polarization techniques.
CO3: Compare the various optical sources with their use in optical
communication system.
CO4: Estimate the various optical communication parameters.
CO5: Design optical communication systems and its networks.
Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS
Evolution of fiber optic system- Element of an Optical Fiber
Transmission link-- Total internal reflection-Acceptance angle
–Numerical aperture – Skew rays Ray Optics-Optical Fiber
Modes and Configurations -Mode theory of Circular Wave
guides- Overview of Modes-Key Modal concepts- Linearly
Polarized Modes -Single Mode Fibers-Graded Index fiber
structure.
UNIT II SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS
Attenuation - Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending
Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal Distortion in Optical
Wave guides-Information Capacity determination -Group
Delay-Material Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion, Signal
distortion in SM fibers-Polarization Mode dispersion,
Intermodal dispersion, Pulse Broadening in GI fibers-Mode
Coupling -Design Optimization of SM fibers-RI profile and
cut-off wavelength.
UNIT III FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING
Direct and indirect Band gap materials-LED structures -Light
source materials -Quantum efficiency and LED power,
Modulation of a LED, lasers Diodes-Modes and Threshold
condition -Rate equations -External Quantum efficiency -
Resonant frequencies -Laser Diodes, Temperature effects,
Introduction to Quantum laser, Fiber amplifiers- Power
Launching and coupling, Lencing schemes, Fiber -to- Fiber
joints, Fiber splicing-Signal to Noise ratio , Detector response
time.
UNIT IV FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS
Fundamental receiver operation, Pre amplifiers, Error
sources – Receiver Configuration– Probability of Error –
Quantum limit. Fiber Attenuation measurements- Dispersion
measurements – Fiber Refractive index profile
measurements – Fiber cut- off Wave length Measurements –
Fiber Numerical Aperture Measurements – Fiber diameter
measurements.
UNIT V OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION
Basic Networks – SONET / SDH – Broadcast – and –select
WDM Networks –Wavelength Routed Networks – Non linear
effects on Network performance –-Link Power budget -Rise
time budget- Noise Effects on System Performance-
Operational Principles of WDM Performance of WDM + EDFA
system – Solutions – Optical CDMA – Ultra High Capacity
Networks.
TEXT BOOKS
T1. Gerd Keiser, "Optical Fiber Communication" Mc Graw -
Hill International, 4th Edition., 2010.
T2. John M. Senior , “Optical Fiber Communication”, Second
Edition, Pearson Education, 2007.
REFERENCES
R1. Ramaswami, Sivarajan and Sasaki “Optical Networks”,
Morgan Kaufmann, 2009.
R2. J.Senior, "Optical Communication, Principles and
Practice", Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2008.
R3. J.Gower, "Optical Communication System", Prentice Hall
of India, 2001.
UNIT V OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION
Basic Networks – SONET / SDH – Broadcast – and –select
WDM Networks –Wavelength Routed Networks – Non linear
effects on Network performance –-Link Power budget -Rise
time budget- Noise Effects on System Performance-
Operational Principles of WDM Performance of WDM + EDFA
system – Solutions – Optical CDMA – Ultra High Capacity
Networks.
TEXT BOOKS
T1. Gerd Keiser, "Optical Fiber Communication" Mc Graw -
Hill International, 4th Edition., 2010.
T2. John M. Senior , “Optical Fiber Communication”, Second
Edition, Pearson Education, 2007.
REFERENCES
R1. Ramaswami, Sivarajan and Sasaki “Optical Networks”,
Morgan Kaufmann, 2009.
R2. J.Senior, "Optical Communication, Principles and
Practice", Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2008.
R3. J.Gower, "Optical Communication System", Prentice Hall
of India, 2001.
Introduction
Communication-Transfer of information from
one point to another.
Optical Communication –
most modern mode of wired communication.
• Optical fiber communication-operate in the
(800-1600)nm wavelength bands.
C= 𝛾λ
Eg:
λ =1552.5nm
𝑐
𝛾= =193.1 THz
λ
Optical fiber communication system
• Block diagram
Information Electrical
source transmit Optical source Optical cable
Optical Electrical destination
detector receive
• For good communication a system needs to have
following things.
• (1) Bandwidh (BW)
• (2) Good signal to noise ratio (SNR) i.e. low loss
Bandwidh (BW)
• Bandwidth of a system proportional to the
frequency of operation.
• Use of higher frequency facilitates larger BW.
Wired and wireless transmission
media
• Transmission media alternative to the Optical
Communication
Coaxial cable
• Very limited bandwidth- twisted pair& coaxial
cable.
Microwave link
Satellite communication
Microwave links and Satellite communication has comparable bandwidths
Satellite Fiber Optics
Point to Multi-point Point to
point
BW ~ GHz BW ~ THz
Short life ~7-8 Yr Long life
No upgradeability Upgradeable
Mobile,air,sea On
ground only
Advantages of Optical Communication
• Enormous potential bandwidth (1013 to 1016 Hz)
• Small size and weight
• Electrical isolation
• Low transmission loss (0.2 dB/Km)
• Immunity to interference and crosstalk
• Signal Security
• Ease of maintenance
• Low potential cost
• Point to Point Communication
Evolution of fiber optic system
• Three operating window
First window
Second window
Third wndow
First window
• 1970s-low loss window around 850nm
• semiconductor optical sources were made of GaAs
which emitted light at 850nm
• Silicon-photodetector
• Repeater spacing-10km,data rate-45-140Mb/s
Second Window
• 1980s -the optical communication shifted to
1310 nm band , so called the ‘Second
Window‘.
• Repeater spacing-40km
• Low power loss
• Less signal dispersion
• Bit rate-10-100Mb/s
• Multimode and single mode
Third Window
• 1990s the communication was shifted to 1550nm
window, so called ‘Third Window‘
• Repeater spacing-90km
• Low power loss
• Large signal dispersion
• Bit rate-2.5Gb/s
• Optical amplifier-GaAlAs based solid state optical
amplifier
• Erbium doped fiber amplifier(EPMAs)-1550nm
• Praseodymium doped fiber amplifier-(PDFAs) -1350nm.
