ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Course Title: IT social, professional and ethical issues
Course Code: ITec4142
Group Leader: Bereket Tesfaw
Group-3 Assignment I
Members Name ID No
1. Bereket Tesfaw 00547/08
2. Samson Tizazu 00625/08
3. Abrhaley Tsegay 00529/08
4. Sisaynew Gobeze 00640/08
5. Nabyom Adisu 00619/08
Submitted to Inst. Tesfaye T.
1 Submission Date 20/04/2011 E.C 4/6/2019
ABSTRACT
This slide gives a review of fiber optic communication system, including
architectural methodologies, key features, applications and furthermore
talks about their future activities towards the next generation. Advantages
and disadvantages of fiber optic communication systems are explained.
Fiber optic systems are vital media transmission foundation for overall
broadband systems. Wide data transfer capacity (bandwidth) signal
transmission with low delay is a key prerequisite in present day
applications.
2 4/6/2019
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
3 4/6/2019
Introduction
Optical communication system consists of transmitter, channel and receiver.
Transmitter consists of amplifier, modulator and a light emitting semi-
conductor device, whereas receiver contains photo detecting devices. Optic
Fiber communication offers extremely high bandwidth, immunity to
electromagnetic interference, non-existent delays and immunity from
interception by external means. Optical fibers are widely used in Fiber-optic
communications, which permits transmission over longer.
4 4/6/2019
History
The world's first wireless telephone transmission between two buildings,
some 213 meters apart. Due to its use of an atmospheric transmission
medium, the Photo phone would not prove practical until advances in
laser and optical fiber technologies permitted the secure transport of light.
The Photo phone's first practical use came in military communication
systems many decades later.
5 4/6/2019
CONT…
First generation (Graded-index fibers)
Year implemented: 1980
Bit rate: 45 Mb/s
Repeater spacing: 10 km
Operating wavelength: 0.8 um
Semiconductor: GaAs (gallium arsenide phosphide)
6 4/6/2019
CONT…
Second generation (Single-mode fibers)
Year implemented: 1985
Bit rate: 100 Mb/s to 1.7 Gb/s
Repeater spacing: 50 km
Operating wavelength: 1.3 um
Semiconductor: In GaAsP
7 4/6/2019
CONT…
Third generation (Single-mode lasers)
Year implemented: 1990
Bit rate: 10 Gb/s
Repeater spacing: 100 km
Operating wavelength: 1.55 um
8 4/6/2019
CONT…
Fourth generation (Optical amplifiers)
Year implemented: 1996
Bit rate: 10 Tb/s
Repeater spacing: > 10,000 km
Operating wavelength: 1.45 um to 1.62 um
9 4/6/2019
CONT…
Fifth generation (Raman amplification)
Year implemented: 2002
Bit rate: 40 Gb/s to 160 Gb/s
Repeater spacing: 24,000 km to 35,000 km
Operating wavelength: 1.53 um to 1.57 um
10 4/6/2019
Motivation/Push Factors
To meet demand of increase in the telecommunication data transmission.
To increase as light guides, imaging tools and as lasers for medical surgeries
help to increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission in networking
To develop broadcast/cable companies and wiring in aircraft of the military
defense
11 4/6/2019
Meaning of Fiber Optic Communication
What does fiber optic communication mean?
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from
one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.
The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information.
12 4/6/2019
How It Works?
The transmission entirely depends on electrical signals passing through
the cable, the fiber optics transmission involves transmission of signals
in the form of light from one point to the other. Furthermore, a fiber
optic communication network consists of transmitting and receiving
circuitry, a light source and detector devices.
When the input data, in the form of electrical signals, is given to the
transmitter circuitry, it converts them into light signal with the help of a
light source.
13 4/6/2019
Architectures and Development Methodology
Fiber-optic communication systems can be classified into three broad
categories - point-to-point links, distribution networks, and local-area
networks.
Point-to-Point Links
Point-to-point links is the simplest form in fiber-optic communication
systems. The main role is to transport information, in the form of digital
bit stream, from one place to another with high accuracy.
14 4/6/2019
Distribution Networks
In the case of distribution networks, information is not only transmitted,
but is also distributed to a group of subscribers.
Examples include local-loop distribution of telephone services and
Broadcast of multiple video channels over cable television.
Such networks have the ability to distribute a wide range of services,
including telephone, computer data, and video broadcasts.
15 4/6/2019
CONT…
Such networks are called metropolitan-area networks (MANs) as hubs
are typically located in major cities.
For bus topology, a single fiber cable carries the multichannel optical
signal throughout the area of service.
An example is the common-antenna television (CATV) application of
bus topology consists of distributing multiple video channels within a
city.
16 4/6/2019
Local Area Networks
Local-area networks, also known as LANs, refers to networks in which
a large number of users within a local area are interconnected in such a
way that any user can access the network randomly to transmit data to
any other user.
Optical-access networks used in a local subscriber loop also fall in this
category For such networks, transmission distance are relative short
(<10 km).
17 4/6/2019
CONT…
18 4/6/2019
CONT…
The figure about shows the structure of (a) ring topology and (b) star
topology for local-area networks.
In the case of the ring topology, consecutive nodes are connected by
point-to-point links to form a closed ring.
Each node can transmit and receive the data by using a transmitter–
receiver pair, which also acts as a repeater.
In the case of the star topology, all nodes are connected through point-
to-point links to a central node called a hub, or simply a star.
19 4/6/2019
Key Features
Low attenuation
Large bandwidth
Small diameter
Transmission security
Thinner and Immunity
Light weight
Long distance signal transmission
20 4/6/2019
Areas of Application
Telecommunications
Local Area Networks
Cable TV
Bio-medical
Military
Automotive and many other
industrial sectors
21 4/6/2019
Advantages
Thinner and small in size
Less Expensive
Higher Carrying Capacity
Less Signal Degradation&
Digital Signals
Non-Flammable
Light Weight
22 4/6/2019
CONT...
Greater capacity (bandwidth up
to 2 Gbps, or more)
Lower attenuation
Immunity to environmental
interference
Highly secure due to tap
difficulty and lack of signal
radiation
4/6/2019
Disadvantages
Difficult to Splice.
Fibers can be broken or have
transmission loses when
wrapped around curves of
only a few centimeters radius.
Highly Susceptible
It is highly susceptible to
becoming cut or damaged
during installation or
construction activities.
24 4/6/2019
CONT…
Expensive to install
The optical fibers are more expensive to install, and they have to be
installed by the specialists.
They are not as robust as the wires.
Expensive over short distance
Requires highly skilled installers
Adding additional nodes is difficult
4/6/2019
Future Activities
The evolution of fiber optic communication has been driven by
advancement in technology and increased demand for fiber optic
communication. It is expected to continue into the future, with the
development of new and more advanced communication technology.
All Optical Communication Network
Intelligent Optical Transmission Network
Improvements in Laser Technology
Laser Neural Network Nodes
26 4/6/2019
Conclusion
Fiber optics provides many advantages over copper conductors including
higher bandwidth, transmission of signals over longer distances, lower
weight and cost and immunity from electromagnetic interference. The
fiber optics communications industry is an ever evolving one, the growth
experienced by the industry has been enormous this past decade. There is
still much work to be done to support the need for faster data rates,
advanced switching techniques and more intelligent network architectures.
27 4/6/2019
References
Govind P. Agrawal. (2002). Fiber-optic communications systems (Third
Edition). Rochester, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
V.S.Bagad. (2009). Optical fiber communication (First Edition). Pune, India:
Technical Publications Pune.
Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems (Editors -
Clifford Headley, Govind P. Agrawal)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
28 4/6/2019
THANK YOU!
ANY QUESTION ?
29 4/6/2019
