Introduction :

 During past three decades, many remarkable and

dramatic changes took place in the electronic
communication industry.
 A phenomenal increase in voice, data and video
communication - demands for larger capacity and
more economical communication systems.
 Light wave Technology : Technological route for
achieving this goal
 For point-to-point telecom applications, light wave
technology can support much more bandwidth than
other technologies with comparable cost. Optical
cables therefore have become the medium of choice
for most high volume, long distance traffic routes.
Even base stations for mobile communications often
are connected via light wave technology.
 Fiber Optic Technology uses light as the primary
medium to carry information.
 The light often is guided through optical fibers.
 Most applications use invisible (infrared) light.
 Optical fiber is the latest evolution in the area of high
frequency transmission line media.
 Coaxial cable, metal waveguides, and copper wires
are examples of transmission lines which can carry
high frequency signals with varying degrees of
success.

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NEED OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION :
 During past three decades, many remarkable and dramatic
changes took place

in the electronic communication industry.

 A phenomenal increase in voice, data and video communication -

demands

for larger capacity and more economical communication

systems.

 Lightwave Technology : Technological route for achieving this

goal

➢ A technical revolution in the Electronic

Communication Industries to explore for large
capacity, high quality and economical systems.
➢ A technical revolution in the Electronic
Communication Industries to explore for large
capacity, high quality and economical systems.
➢ Satellite Communication Systems can provide, at best,
only a temporary relief to the ever-increasing demand.
 extremely high initial cost of launching
 The geometry of suitable orbits,

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 available microwave frequency allocations
and
 if needed repair is nearly impossible

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 CONSTRUTION OF OPTICAL FIBER :
An optical fiber is a wave guide for light.

CORE:-
The central part of the optical fiber is called as the
CORE.
It is made up of pure silica.
It has the diameter ranges between 1 micrometer to
100micrometer.
CLADDING:-
The cylindrical coating over the core is called as the
CLADDING.
The silica doped with the suitable amount of germanium
and fluorine .
The refractive index is less than the core.
It has the diameter ranges between 100 to 125 micro
meter.

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BUFFER (protective coating) & JACKET (outer
protective shield):-
The outer most part of optical fiber is called as the
BUFFER COATING or called as JACKET.
It is made up of polymeric material.
It has the diameter about 125-185 micrometer.
It is generally used to protect the core and cladding.
How Optical Transmission fulfill the need?
 The information carrying capacity of a
communications system is directly proportional to its
bandwidth;
 Wider the bandwidth, the greater its information
carrying capacity.
Theoretically ; BW is 10% of the carrier frequency
Signal Carrier
Bandwidth
 VHF Radio system; 100 MHz 10 MHz
 Microwave system; 6 GHz 0.6 GHz.
 Light wave system; 1015 Hz or 106 GHz 105 GHz.
 A system with light as carriers has an excessive
bandwidth (more than 100,000 times than achieved
with microwave frequencies) Will meet the today’s

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 communication needs or that of the foreseeable
future.
TYPES OF FIBERS
ACCORDING TO MODE OF CAPACITY:
 SINGLE-MODE FIBER
 MULTI-MODE FIBER
ACCORDING TO REFRACTIVE INDEX:
 STEP-INDEX FIBER
 GRADED-INDEX FIBER

Single-mode fibers –Used to transmit one signal per fiber

(used in telephone and cable TV). They have small cores (9
microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser.

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Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many signals per fiber
(used in computer networks). They have larger cores(62.5
microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from LED.

Step Index / Graded Index:

Light Propagation through Optical Fiber :

Total Internal Reflection.
Fibre Optics Relay Systems has

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 -Transmitter
-Optical Fibre
-Optical Regenerator
-Optical Receiver
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION :
When a ray passes from one medium to another &
angle of incident is greater than critical angle, then the ray
get reflected away. This is called Total internal reflection.

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Fiber Optics Relay Systems:

Fiber Optic Timeline :

 1930: Scanning & transmitting television images
through uncoated fiber cables.
 1951: Light transmission through bundles of fibers-
flexible fiberscope used in medical field.
 1957: First fiber-optic endoscope tested on a patient.
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  1960 : Invention of Laser (development, T Maiman)
 1966: Charles Kao et al; proposed cladded fiber
cables with lower losses as a communication
medium.
 1970: (Corning Glass, NY) developed fibers with losses
below 20 dB/km.
 1970: First Semiconductor diode laser was
developed
 1977: General Telephone & Electronics in Los Angeles
and AT&T in Chicago sends live telephone signals
through fiber optics (850nm, MMF, 6 Mbps, 9km )
-World’s first FO link
 1980s: 2nd generation systems; 1300nm, SM, 0.5
dB/km, O-E-O
 3rd generation systems; 1550nm, SM, 0.2 dB/km, EDFA,
5Gb/s
 1993: Bell Labs sends 10 billion bits through 20,000 km
of fibers using a Soliton system.
 1996: NTT, Bell Labs and Fujitsu are able to send one
trillion bits per second through single optical
fiber.

Fiber-Optic System Devices

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  Transmitter (Laser diode or LED).

 Fiber-Optic Cable.

Transmission Loss in Optical Glass

1970, First Optical Fiber: Loss ≅ 20 dB/km at
633nm
1980s, Loss reduced to ≈ 0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm

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Losses occur in optical fiber due to following
reasons:
Material absorption
Scattering

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 Bending of fibers
Core and cladding losses
Leaky modes
Fiber Performance :

Fiber Attenuation :
0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm & 0.5 dB/km at 1310 nm

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➢ Traditionally two windows available:1.3 m and 1.55 m
➢ The lower window is usedwith Si and GaAlAs and the
upper window with InGaAsP compounds .
➢ Nowadays these attenuation windows Waterno longer
separate (water-spike spikeattenuationregion can be
removed).
➢ There are single- and monomodefibers that may have
step or graded refraction index profile .
➢ Propagation in optical fibers is influenced by
attenuation,scattering, absorption, and dispersion .
➢ In addition there are non-lineareffects that are
important inWDM-transmission.
Fiber Dispersion :

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Advantages of Optical Fiber :
 Wide Bandwidth: Extremely high information
carrying capacity (~GHz)
➢ 3,00,000 voice channels on a pair of fiber
➢ Voice/Data/Video Integrated Service
➢ 2.5 Gb/s systems from NTT ,Japan; 5 Gb/s System
Siemens
 Low loss: Information can be sent over a large
distance.
➢ Losses ~ 0.2 dB/km

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 ➢ Repeater spacing >100 km with bit rates in
Gb/s
 Interference Free
➢ Immune to Electromagnetic interference: No
cross talk between fibers
➢ Can be used in harsh or noisy environments
 Higher security :
➢ No radiations, Difficult to tap
➢ Attractive for Defense, Intelligence and Banks
Network
 Compact & light weight
➢ Smaller size : Fiber thinner than human hair
➢ Can easily replace 1000 pair copper cable of 10
cm dia.
➢ Fiber weighs 28gm/km; considerably lighter than
copper
➢ Light weight cable
 Environmental Immunity/Greater safety
➢ Dielectric- No current, No short circuits –
Extremely safe for hazardous environments;
attractive for oil & petrochemicals
➢ Not prone to lightning
➢ Wide temperature range

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 ➢ Long life > 25 years
Some Practical Disadvantages :
• Optical fibers are expensive.
• Connectors very expensive: Due to high degree of
precision involved
• Connector installation is time consuming and highly
skilled operation
• Jointing (Splicing) of fibers requires expensive
equipment and skilled operators
• Connector and joints are relatively lossy.
• Difficult to tap in and out ( for bus architectures)- need
expensive couplers
• Relatively careful handling required
Application Areas:
Majority Applications:
 Telephone networks
 Data communication systems
 Cable TV distribution:
 Optical sensors
 Medical equipment
 Telecommunications
 Local Area Networks
 Cable TV

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  CCTV
 Optical Fiber Sensors
TWO MAJOR COMMUNICATION ISSUES:-
 Attenuation:
➢ Attenuation is signal loss over distance. The
light pulses loose
their energy and amplitude falls as they travel down
the cable.
➢ Attenuation puts distance limitations on long- haul
networks.
 Dispersion:
➢ Dispersion is the broadening of a light
pulse as it travels down
the cable.
➢ Ther are mainly two types of dispersion such as:-
(i) Intermodal (Modal) dispersion.
(ii)Intramodal (Chromatic) dispersion :
(Material & Waveguide ) .

OFC- Systems :
 Currently installed Systems: operating at 1310 nm
 Low loss; minimum pulse broadening
 Transmission rate 2-10 Gb/s
 Regeneration of Signal after every 30-60 km

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 ➢ Conversion of O-E-O signal
 Future OFC Systems: 1550 nm Wavelength band
 Silica has lowest loss, increased dispersion
 Design of Dispersion Shifted Fibers
• Lowest loss and Negligible dispersion
 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
 Direct amplification of optical signal
 Flat gain around 1550nm low loss window
 BW ≈ 12,500 GHz ; Enormous potential
Fiber Optics- Market Potential in India :

Fifty Years of Fiber Optics:

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Conclusion:
This concludes our study of Fiber Optics. We
have looked at how they work and how they are made. We
have examined the properties of fibers, and how fibers are
joined together. Although this presentation does not cover
all the aspects of optical fiber work it will have equipped you
knowledge and skills essential to the fiber optic industry.

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REFERERENCES:
1. Optical fiber communications by Gerd Keiser.
2. Fiber optic communication system by John Wiley & Sons.
3. Fiber optic technology by Vivek Alwayn.
4. Informations & images from
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com
 www.bestneo.com
 www.seminarsonly.com

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