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Booting Up: 12-Mar-19 Boot - PPT 1

The document discusses the boot process of a PC from power-on to loading the operating system. When powered on, the PC loads a small amount of code from read-only memory (EEPROM) which contains the basic input/output system (BIOS). The BIOS initializes hardware and loads configuration settings from battery-backed memory. It then searches disk drives for an operating system, loading the first sector (MBR) which contains a boot program and partition table. On x86 systems, the boot program loads the operating system from the active partition. Newer systems use EFI and GPT partitions instead of the legacy MBR and BIOS.

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Yuan Ceralde Salayog
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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72 views14 pages

Booting Up: 12-Mar-19 Boot - PPT 1

The document discusses the boot process of a PC from power-on to loading the operating system. When powered on, the PC loads a small amount of code from read-only memory (EEPROM) which contains the basic input/output system (BIOS). The BIOS initializes hardware and loads configuration settings from battery-backed memory. It then searches disk drives for an operating system, loading the first sector (MBR) which contains a boot program and partition table. On x86 systems, the boot program loads the operating system from the active partition. Newer systems use EFI and GPT partitions instead of the legacy MBR and BIOS.

Uploaded by

Yuan Ceralde Salayog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Booting Up

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 1
first 64K computer address space

• what is in a PC’s memory when the computer is off?


– most of RAM is empty when the PC first powers up
• RAM is volatile because its contents are lost when power goes off
• but, two small parts are different

read-only non-volatile

RAM

0 8K 16K 24K 32K 40K 48K 56K 64K

EEPROM battery-backed RAM


(contains code) (contains hardware settings)

• when the PC first powers up, where is the operating system?

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 2
battery-backed RAM

• battery-backed RAM contains a simple database


• also called the CMOS
– a program called “Setup” is used to modify it
– you can start Setup only while booting the computer
• its data describes hardware parameters
– time/date
– what disk drives are present
– what kind of display is present
– how much memory is present
– how fast some components should run
– etc.
RAM

0 8K 16K 24K 32K 40K 48K 56K 64K

EEPROM battery-backed RAM


(contains code) (contains hardware settings)
• how does the configuration data get modified?
– plug and play devices
– the Setup program
12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 3
the EEPROM

• the EEPROM contains the programs needed to start the computer


• also called the BIOS, or the firmware
• because it contains only programs, it can be read-only:
– BIOS routines (a minimal keyboard/display driver)
– POST routines (e.g., RAM parity check, keyboard test)
– setup program – lets users view or modify hardware settings
– bootstrap program – searches disk drives for an operating system

RAM

0 8K 16K 24K 32K 40K 48K 56K 64K

EEPROM battery-backed RAM


(contains code) (contains hardware settings)

• how does the BIOS get updated if its programs need to change?

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 4
add-on boards also contain BIOS chips

• the motherboard BIOS contains code to access the


keyboard, floppy drive, ATA (IDE) hard disk controllers,
USB devices, and disk drives
• a computer system can contain several BIOS firmware
chips
– plug-in adapter cards such as network interface cards
and video boards often include their own BIOS
• complementing or replace the system BIOS code for the
given component
• CMOS (“Setup”) database maps these extra BIOS programs
into the low memory address space

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 5
what is a disk drive?

• a piece of physical hardware


• non-volatile storage
• programs on a disk drive must be loaded into RAM before they
execute
• disk drives must be subdivided into partitions
– the act of writing on a disk drive to partition it is called
partitioning
– you have to know which OS will use the partition before you
create it
• partitions have to be formatted with a particular file system
– typically, each OS uses a different file system
– PC partitions have one or more logical drive letters associated
with them
– Solaris partitions have directories associated with them
(“mounted”)

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 6
more about disk drives
• what is fdisk?
– a utility from Microsoft for partitioning disks
– part of the original DOS 6.x operating system
– a more versatile utility: Partition Magic
• what is a boot sector? (master boot record, or MBR)
– the first accessible “sector” on a drive
– it contains:
• a table of (up to 4) partitions
• optionally, code to bootstrap an OS from the “active” partition
• the partition table in the boot sector contains up to 4 entries:
– primary partition
• takes up one entry in partition table, and contains a single
logical drive
– extended partition
• takes up 1 entry in partition table, and may contain multiple
DOS, Linux or other partitions (logical drives in Windows)
– Solaris partition
• takes up 1 entry in partition table
• active partition
– a primary partition that is bootable
12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 7
starting Windows on an x86-based computer

• since 1981, all x86-based computers use the partition style known as the
master boot record (MBR)
– first used by MS-DOS in 1981, and continued up through Windows XP
Pro
• when you start your computer, the first code that executes is the BIOS
– BIOS loads the bytes from the MBR of the boot device into memory
– it then transfers control to the bytes just loaded into memory
– the MBR’s first bytes are code to start loading the operating system
• but first, it has to find the operating system
• It looks that up in the partition table (stored in the end of the MBR)
• Because MBR is the only partition style available on x86-based computers
running Windows XP or earlier, it is used automatically and you do not need
to choose this style
– Dynamic disks were introduced in Windows 2000 and they provide
features that basic disks do not, such as the ability to create volumes
that span multiple disks, including fault-tolerant mirrored and RAID-5
volumes.
• Requires a GPT partition style
• GPT stands for “GUID Partition Table”
• GUID stands for “Globally Unique ID”

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 8
MBR

• the first physical sector on a disk contains a data structure


known as the Master Boot Record (MBR). The MBR contains
the following:
– a boot program (up to 442 bytes in size)
– a disk signature (a unique 4-byte number)
– a partition table (up to four entries)
– an end-of-MBR marker (always 0x55AA)

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 9
enter GPT partitions and EFI

• Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) is a specification


that defines a software interface between an operating
system and platform firmware.
– EFI is intended as a significantly improved replacement
of the old legacy BIOS firmware interface historically
used by all IBM PC compatible personal computers
• the EFI specification was originally developed by Intel
– now managed by the Unified EFI Forum and is officially
known as Unified EFI (UEFI)
– Used first on Itanium processor systems
– Also used by 64-bit Windows versions
– Vista can use them as data disks (but not boot drives)
– XP Pro cannot use them at all

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 10
kinds of hard drives today

• basic MBR disk – Windows XP systems all use this


• basic GPT disk
• dynamic MBR disk
• dynamic GPT disk

• if using EFI, there also has to be a special partition


containing the particular EFI code your computer system
happens to need
– what are the implications of this?

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 11
Boot Camp

• I have a MacBook capable of running both Mac OS X and Windows


XP
– the laptop is 2 years old
• cost was $1200 + $300 for Windows XP Pro license
– it only has Mac OS 10.4, “Tiger”
• not 10.5, “Leopard”, the latest
• came with 512K, not enough memory to run Leopard
– how did I get it to run Windows?
• Mac OS 10.4 let me download a special program called Boot Camp
• it created a Windows partition, after which, I installed Windows XP
Pro on that partition
– coupla years went by…
• recently, my Windows XP install partition got sick; I needed to
restart Windows
• it died in a way that even Mac OS X was unable to redo the
Windows partition
– so I also had to reinstall Mac OS X (10.4)
• Boot Camp was cripple-ware
– “expired”; could no longer download it
– what to do?

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 12
the end of this slideset

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 13
• I have a MacBook with Apple’s “Boot Camp” program on it
– What does Boot Camp do?
– Can I just run Windows on my MacBook without

12-Mar-19 boot.ppt 14

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