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Data Storage

Bits are the basic units of data storage in computers. Boolean logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT are used to perform operations on bits and can be combined to build flip-flops, which are circuits that can store a single bit. Memory cells, usually consisting of 8 bits (a byte), are the basic units of computer main memory. Main memory uses binary addresses to uniquely access each memory cell. Mass storage systems like hard disks and optical disks are used for longer term storage and have greater capacity than main memory but are slower to access.

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50 views23 pages

Data Storage

Bits are the basic units of data storage in computers. Boolean logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT are used to perform operations on bits and can be combined to build flip-flops, which are circuits that can store a single bit. Memory cells, usually consisting of 8 bits (a byte), are the basic units of computer main memory. Main memory uses binary addresses to uniquely access each memory cell. Mass storage systems like hard disks and optical disks are used for longer term storage and have greater capacity than main memory but are slower to access.

Uploaded by

Yuan Ceralde Salayog
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bits and Data Storage

Basic Hardware Units of a Computer


Bits and Bit Patterns
• Bit: Binary Digit (0 or 1)
• Bit Patterns are used to represent information.
– Numbers
– Text characters
– Images
– Sound
– And others
Boolean Operations
• Boolean Operation: An operation that
manipulates one or more true/false values
• Specific operations
– AND
– OR
– XOR (exclusive or)
– NOT
The Boolean operations AND, OR, and XOR
(exclusive or)
Gates
• Gate: A device that computes a Boolean
operation
– Often implemented as (small) electronic circuits
– Provide the building blocks from which computers
are constructed
– VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
A pictorial representation of AND, OR, XOR, and NOT
gates as well as their input and output values
Flip-flops
• Flip-flop: A circuit built from gates that can store
one bit.
– One input line is used to set its stored value to 1
– One input line is used to set its stored value to 0
– While both input lines are 0, the most recently
stored value is preserved
A simple flip-flop circuit
Setting the output of a flip-flop to 1
Setting the output of a flip-flop to 1
(continued)
Setting the output of a flip-flop to 1
(continued)
Another way of constructing a flip-flop

** Usually abstracted out as a box that stores a bit **


Main Memory Cells
• Cell: A unit of main memory (typically 8 bits which is
one byte)
– Most significant bit: the bit at the left (high-order)
end of the conceptual row of bits in a memory cell
– Least significant bit: the bit at the right (low-
order) end of the conceptual row of bits in a
memory cell
The organization of a byte-size memory cell
Main Memory Addresses
• Address: A “name” that uniquely identifies
one cell in the computer’s main memory
– The names are actually numbers.
– These numbers are assigned
consecutively starting at zero.
– Numbering the cells in this manner
associates an order with the memory
cells.
Memory Terminology
• Random Access Memory (RAM): Memory in
which individual cells can be easily accessed in
any order
• Dynamic Memory (DRAM): RAM composed of
volatile memory (usually when referring to
RAM we mean DRAM)
• Read Only Memory (ROM) : RAM that cannot
store new values; limited to pre-stored data
Measuring Memory Capacity
• Kilobyte: 210 bytes = 1024 bytes
– Example: 3 KB = 3 times 1024 bytes
• Megabyte: 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes
– Example: 3 MB = 3 times 1,048,576 bytes
• Gigabyte: 230 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes
– Example: 3 GB = 3 times 1,073,741,824 bytes
Mass Storage
• On-line versus off-line
• Typically larger than main memory
• Typically less volatile than main memory
• Typically slower than main memory
Mass Storage Systems
• Magnetic Systems
– Disk
– Tape
• Optical Systems
– CD
– DVD
• Flash Drives
A magnetic disk storage system
CD storage

1-22
Files
• File: A unit of data stored in mass storage
system
– Fields and keyfields
• Physical record versus Logical record
• Buffer: A memory area used for the temporary
storage of data (usually as a step in
transferring the data)

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