Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Classification of Bones
• Long bones
– Typically longer than wide
– Have a shaft with heads at both ends
– Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
• Short bones
– Generally cube-shape
– Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Classification of Bones
• Flat bones
– Thin and flattened, usually curved
– Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
• Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
• Irregular bones
– Irregular in shape
– Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
• Example: Vertebrae and hip
Diaphysis (Shaft)
Cylinder of compact bone to provide leverage.
Epiphysis
Rounded end of a long bone, at it joint with adjacent bone. Shiny, smooth,
covered by articular (joint) cartilage. Enlarged to strengthen the joint and provide
added surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
Articular cartilage
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where one bone meets
another; allows joint to move more freely and friction free
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
Area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of epiphyses and
diaphysis: enables growth in length
Epiphyseal line
In adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be
Periosteum
External sheath covering of bone. Tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen and an
inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells.
Endosteum
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity,
covers all of the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines the canal
system in compact bone
1.Compact and spongy bones are the two main types of osseous tissues.
2.Compact bone is also called cortical bone while spongy bone is also called cancellous bone.
3.Compact bones are made of osteons while spongy bones are made of trabeculae.
4.Compact bones are tough and heavy while spongy bones are light.
5.Compact bones fill the outer layer of most of the bones while spongy bones fill the inner
layer of the bones.
Ossification, or osteogenesis,
The process of bone formation by osteoblasts. Bone growth continues until
approximately age 25. Bones can grow in thickness throughout life, but after age 25,
ossification functions primarily in bone remodeling and repair.
Intramembranous ossification
The process of bone development from fibrous membranes. It is involved in the
formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles. Connective
tissue in the matrix differentiates into red bone marrow in the fetus. The spongy bone is
remodeled into a thin layer of compact bone on the surface of the spongy bone.
Endochondral
bone formed from cartilage template - appendegial skeleton perichondrium forms
around cartilage
Endochondral ossification; primary ossification centre
central chondrocytes hypertrophy and lyse -trigger calcification osteoblasts move in
nutrient artery supplies osteoblasts. perichondrium converts to periosteum
Endochondral ossification; secondary ossification center
osteoclasts form red bone marrow medullary cavity secondary ossification center
form at ends
Growth of Bone
Long bones continue to lengthen, potentially until adolescence, through the addition
of bone tissue at the epiphyseal plate. They also increase in width through
appositional growth.
Bone remodeling
The replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. It involves the processes of
bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Normal bone
growth requires vitamins D, C, and A, plus minerals such as calcium, phosphorous,
and magnesium. Hormones such as parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, and
calcitonin are also required for proper bone growth and maintenance.
Hematoma
The blood clots and begins to form a hematoma between the two broken ends of the
bone. Inflammation of soft tissues follows to clean the wound of debris; 1 to 3 days
Calcium homeostasis
Refers to the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid
[Ca2+]
PTH has a rapid effect (occurring within minutes), whereby it stimulates osteoblasts to
pump Ca++ ions out of the fluid surrounding the bone (which has a higher Ca++
concentration) and into the ECF.
