OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

B.TECH II YR II SEMESTER(TERM 08-09)

UNIT 3 PPT SLIDES

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Java: the complete reference, 7th edition,
Herbert schildt, TMH.Understanding
2. OOP with Java, updated edition, T. Budd,
Pearson education.

No. of slides:66
 INDEX
UNIT 3 PPT SLIDES

S.NO. TOPIC LECTURE NO. PPTSLIDES

1 Hierarchical abstractions L1 L1.1TO L1.9

Base class object.
2 subclass, subtype, substitutability. L2 L2.1 TO L2.8

3 forms of inheritance- specialization, L3 L3.1 TO L3.5

specification.
4 construction, extension, limitation, L4 L4.1 TO L4.9
combination.
5 Benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance. L5 L5.1 TO 5.4

6 Member access rules, super uses, L6 L6.1 TO 6.17

using final with inheritance.
7 polymorphism- method overriding, L7 L7.1 TO 7.11
abstract classes.
 Hierarchical Abstraction

 An essential element of object-oriented programming

is abstraction.

 Humans manage complexity through abstraction.

For example, people do not think of a car as a set of
tens of thousands of individual parts. They think of it
as a well-defined object with its own unique
behavior.

 This abstraction allows people to use a car

without being overwhelmed by the complexity of
the parts that form the car. They can ignore the
details of how the engine, transmission, and
braking systems work.
 Instead they are free to utilize the object as a whole.
L 1.1
 Class Hierarchy
 A child class of one parent can be the parent
of another child, forming class hierarchies

Animal

Reptile Bird Mammal

Snake Lizard Parrot Horse Bat

 At the top of the hierarchy there’s a default

class called Object. L 1.2
 Class Hierarchy
 Good class design puts all common features as
high in the hierarchy as reasonable

 The class hierarchy determines how methods are

executed

 inheritance is transitive
 An instance of class Parrot is also an
instance of Bird, an instance of Animal,
…, and an instance of class Object
L 1.3
 Base Class Object
 In Java, all classes use inheritance.

 If no parent class is specified explicitly, the

base class Object is implicitly inherited.

 All classes defined in Java, is a child of

Object class, which provides minimal
functionality guaranteed to be common to
all objects.

L 1.4
 Base Class Object (cont)

Methods defined in Object class are;

1.equals(Object obj) Determine whether the argument
object is the same as the receiver.
2.getClass() Returns the class of the receiver, an object of
type Class.
3.hashCode() Returns a hash value for this object. Should be
overridden when the equals method is changed.
4.toString() Converts object into a string value. This
method is also often overridden.

L 1.5
 Base class
1) a class obtains variables and methods from
another class
2) the former is called subclass, the latter super-
class (Base class)
3) a sub-class provides a specialized behavior
with respect to its super-class
4) inheritance facilitates code reuse and avoids
duplication of data

L 1.6
 Inheritance is one of the pillars of object-orientation.
 A new class is derived from an existing class:
 existing class is called super-class
 derived class is called sub-class

 A sub-class is a specialized version of its super-

class:
 has all non-private members of its super-class
 may provide its own implementation of super
class methods

 Objects of a sub-class are a special kind of

objects of a super-class.

L 1.7
 extends
 Is a keyword used to inherit a class from
another class
 Allows to extend from only one class

class One class Two extends One

{ {
int a=5; int b=10;
} }
L 1.8
 One baseobj;// base class object reference.

 super class object reference baseobj can be

used to refer its sub class objects.
 For example, Two subobj=new Two();

 baseobj=subobj;
// now its pointing to sub class

L 1.9
 Subclass, Subtype and
Substitutability
 A subtype is a class that satisfies the principle of
substitutability.

 A subclass is something constructed using

inheritance, whether or not it satisfies the principle of
substitutability.

 The two concepts are independent. Not all

subclasses are subtypes (private inheritance in
C++ does not result in subtypes), and (at least in
some languages) you can construct subtypes that are
not subclasses (Java Interfaces. Unrelated classes
can implement the sameL 2.1
interface and substitutable).
 Subclass, Subtype, and
Substitutability
 Substitutability is fundamental to many of the
powerful software development techniques in
OOP.

 The idea is that, declared a variable in one

type may hold the value of different type.

 Substitutability can occur through use of

inheritance, whether using extends, or using
implements (interfaces) keywords.
L 2.2
 Subclass, Subtype, and
Substitutability
When new classes are constructed using inheritance, the
argument used to justify the validity of substitutability is as
follows;
 Instances of the subclass must possess all data
fields associated with its parent class.
 Instances of the subclass must implement, through
inheritance at least, all functionality defined for parent
class. (Defining new methods is not important for the
argument.)
 Thus, an instance of a child class can mimic the
behavior of the parent class and should be
indistinguishable from an instance of parent class if
substituted in a similar situation.
L 2.3
 Subtype
 Inheritance relationships are often shown graphically
in a class diagram, with the arrow pointing to the
parent class
Animal
weight : int

+ getWeight() : int

Bird

+ fly() : void

L 2.6
 Substitutability (Deriving Subclasses)

 In Java, we use the reserved word extends to

establish an inheritance relationship
class Animal
{
// class contents
int weight;
public void int getWeight() {…}
}

class Bird extends Animal

{
// class contents
public void fly() {…};
}
L 2.7
Defining Methods in the Child Class:
Overriding by Replacement
 A child class can override the definition of an
inherited method in favor of its own
 that is, a child can redefine a method that it inherits
from its parent
 the new method must have the same signature as
the parent's method, but can have different code in the
body

 In java, all methods except of constructors override

the methods of their ancestor class by replacement.
E.g.:
 the Animal class has method eat()
 the Bird class has method eat() and Bird extends Animal
 variable b is of class Bird, i.e. Bird b = …
 b.eat() simply invokes the eat() method of the Bird class

 If a method is declared with the final modifier, it

cannot be overridden L 2.8
Forms of Inheritance
Inheritance is used in a variety of way and for a variety of different
purposes .

 Inheritance for Specialization

 Inheritance for Specification
 Inheritance for Construction
 Inheritance for Extension
 Inheritance for Limitation
 Inheritance for Combination
One or many of these forms may occur in a single case.
L 3.1
Forms of Inheritance
(- Inheritance for Specialization -)
 Most commonly used inheritance and sub classification is
for specialization. (LegSpinner is a specialized Cricketer)
 Always creates a subtype, and the principles of
substitutability is explicitly upheld.
 It is the most ideal form of inheritance.
An example of subclassification for specialization is;
public class LegSpinner extends Cricketer{
// body of class
}

L 3.2
Forms of Inheritance
(- Inheritance for Specification -)
 This is another most common use of inheritance. Two different
mechanisms are provided by Java, interface and abstract, to
make use of subclassification for specification.
 Subtype is formed and substitutability is explicitly upheld.
 Mostly, not used for refinement of its parent class, but instead is
used for definitions of the properties provided by its parent.

L 3.4
 Specification

 The parent class specifies some behavior, but

does not implement the behavior
 Child class implements the behavior
 Similar to Java interface or abstract class
 When parent class does not implement actual behavior
but merely defines the behavior that will be
implemented in child classes
 Example, implementing abstract classes/interfaces
class B extends A {
// class A is defined as abstract specification class
}
class FireButtonListener implements ActionListener {
// body of class
L 3.5
}
Forms of Inheritance
(- Inheritance for Construction -)
 Child class inherits most of its functionality from
parent, but may change the name or parameters of
methods inherited from parent class to form its
interface.
 This type of inheritance is also widely used for code
reuse purposes. It simplifies the construction of
newly formed abstraction but is not a form of
subtype, and often violates substitutability.
 Example is Stack class defined in Java libraries.
L 4.1
 Construction
 The parent class is used only for its behavior, the child
class has no is-a relationship to the parent.
 Child modify the arguments or names of methods

 An example might be subclassing the idea of a Set

from an existing List class.
 Child class is not a more specialized form of parent
class; no substitutability

L 4.2
Forms of Inheritance
(- Inheritance for Extension -)

 Subclassification for extension occurs when a child class

only adds new behavior to the parent class and does
not modify or alter any of the inherited attributes.
 Such subclasses are always subtypes, and
substitutability is always met.
 Example of this type of inheritance is done in the
definition of the class Properties which is an extension
of the class HashTable.

L 4.3
 Generalization or Extension
 The child class extends the parent class by
providing more functionality
 In some sense, opposite of subclassing for
specialization
 The child doesn't change anything inherited from
the parent, it simply adds new features
 Often used when we cannot modify existing base
parent class
 Example, ColoredWindow inheriting from Window
 Add additional data fields

 Override window display methods

L 4.4
Forms of Inheritance
(- Inheritance for Limitation -)

 Subclassification for limitation occurs when the

behavior of the subclass is smaller or more
restrictive than that the behavior of its parent class.

 Like subclassification for extension, this form of

inheritance occurs most frequently when a programmer
is building on a base of existing classes.
 Is not a subtype, and substitutability is not maintained.

L 4.5
Limitation

 The child class limits some of the

behavior of the parent class.

 Example, you have an existing List data

type, and you want a Stack

 Inherit from List, but override the methods

that allow access to elements other than
top so as to produce errors.
L 4.6
Forms of Inheritance
(- Inheritance for Combination -)
 This types of inheritance is known as multiple inheritance in
Object Oriented Programming.
 Although the Java does not permit a subclass to inherit from
more than one parent class, several approximations to the
concept are possible.
Example of this type is Hole class defined as;
class Hole extends Ball implements
PinBallTarget{
// body of class
}
L 4.7
 Combimnation

 Two or more classes that seem to be related, but its

not clear who should be the parent and who should be
the child.
 Example: Mouse and TouchPad and JoyStick

 Better solution, abstract out common parts to new

parent class, and use subclassing for specialization.

L 4.8
 Summary of Forms of Inheritance
• Specialization. The child class is a special case of the parent class; in
other words, the child class is a subtype of the parent class.
• Specification. The parent class defines behavior that is implemented
in the child class but not in the parent class.
• Construction. The child class makes use of the behavior provided by
the parent class, but is not a subtype of the parent class.
• Extension. The child class adds new functionality to the parent class,
but does not change any inherited behavior.
• Limitation. The child class restricts the use of some of the behavior
inherited from the parent class.
• Combination. The child class inherits features from more than one
parent class.

L 4.9
 The Benefits of Inheritance
 Software Reusability (among projects)
 Increased Reliability (resulting from reuse and
sharing of well-tested code)
 Code Sharing (within a project)
 Consistency of Interface (among related objects)
 Software Components
 Rapid Prototyping (quickly assemble from pre-
existing components)
 Polymorphism and Frameworks (high-level
reusable components)
 Information Hiding
L 5.1
 The Costs of Inheritance

 Execution Speed
 Program Size
 Message-Passing Overhead
 Program Complexity (in overuse of inheritance)

L 5.2
Types of inheritance
 Acquiring the properties of an existing Object into
newly creating Object to overcome the re-declaration
of properties in deferent classes.
 These are 3 types:
1.Simple Inheritance

SUPER SUPER

extends extends

SUB SUB 1 SUB 2

L 5.3
2. Multi Level 3. Multiple
Inheritance Inheritance
SUPER 1
SUPER SUPER 2

implements
extends
SUPER 1 SUPER 2
SUB
SUB
extends implements
extends

SUB SUB SUB

L 5.4
 Member access rules

 Visibility modifiers determine which class members are

accessible and which do not

 Members (variables and methods) declared with public

visibility are accessible, and those with private visibility
are not

 Problem: How to make class/instance variables visible

only to its subclasses?

 Solution: Java provides a third visibility modifier that helps

in inheritance situations:L protected
6.1
Modifiers and Inheritance (cont.)

Visibility Modifiers for class/interface:

public : can be accessed from outside the class
definition.
protected : can be accessed only within the class
definition in which it appears, within other
classess in the same package, or within the
definition of subclassess.
private : can be accessed only within the class
definition in which it appears.
default-access (if omitted) features accessible
from inside the current Java package
L 6.2
 The protected Modifier
 The protected visibility modifier allows a member of a base
class to be accessed in the child
 protected visibility provides more encapsulation than public
does
 protected visibility is not as tightly encapsulated as private
visibility

Book
protected int pages
+ getPages() : int
+ setPages(): void

Dictionary

+ getDefinitions() : int
+ setDefinitions(): void
+ computeRatios() : double
L 6.3
Example: Super-Class

class A {
int i;

void showi() {
System.out.println("i: " + i);
}
}
L 6.4
 Example: Sub-Class

class B extends A {
int j;

void showj() {
System.out.println(“j: " + j);
}

void sum() {
System.out.println("i+j: " + (i+j));
}
}
L 6.5
 Example: Testing Class

class SimpleInheritance {
public static void main(String args[]) {
A a = new A();
B b = new B();
a.i = 10;
System.out.println("Contents of a: ");
a.showi();
b.i = 7; b.j = 8;
System.out.println("Contents of b: ");
b.showi(); b.showj();
System.out.println("Sum of I and j in b:");
b.sum();
}
} L 6.6
 Multi-Level Class Hierarchy

The basic Box class:

class Box {
private double width, height, depth;

Box(double w, double h, double d) {

width = w; height = h; depth = d;
}

Box(Box ob) {
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height; depth = ob.depth;
}

double volume() {
return width * height * depth;
}
} L 6.7
 Multi-Level Class Hierarchy

Adding the weight variable to the Box class:

class BoxWeight extends Box {

double weight;

BoxWeight(BoxWeight ob) {
super(ob);
weight = ob.weight;
}
BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m) {
super(w, h, d);
weight = m;
}
} L 6.7
 Multi-Level Class Hierarchy

Adding the cost variable to the BoxWeight class:

class Ship extends BoxWeight {
double cost;

Ship(Ship ob) {
super(ob);
cost = ob.cost;
}
Ship(double w, double h, double d, double m, double c) {
super(w, h, d, m);
cost = c;
}
}
L 6.8
 Multi-Level Class Hierarchy
class DemoShip {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Ship ship1 = new Ship(10, 20, 15, 10, 3.41);

Ship ship2 = new Ship(2, 3, 4, 0.76, 1.28);

double vol;
vol = ship1.volume();
System.out.println("Volume of ship1 is " + vol);
System.out.print("Weight of ship1 is”+ship1.weight);

System.out.print("Shipping cost: $“+ship1.cost);

L 6.9
 Multi-Level Class Hierarchy

vol = ship2.volume();
System.out.println("Volume of ship2 is " + vol);

System.out.print("Weight of ship2 is “+ship2.weight);

System.out.print("Shipping cost: $“);

System.out.println(ship2.cost);
}
}

L 6.10
 “super” keyword uses:
 ‘super’ is a keyword used to refer to hidden variables of
super class from sub class.
 super.a=a;

 It is used to call a constructor of super class from

constructor of sub class which should be first statement.
 super(a,b);

 It is used to call a super class method from sub class

method (when overridden) to avoid redundancy of code
 super.addNumbers(a, b);

L 6.11
 Super and Hiding

 Why is super needed to access super-class members?

 When a sub-class declares the variables or methods with the
same names and types as its super-class:
 class A {
int i = 1;
}
class B extends A {
int i = 2;
void show() {
System.out.println(“i is “ + i);
}
}
 The re-declared variables/methods hide those of the super-
class.

L 6.12
 Example: Super and Hiding

class A {
int i;
}

class B extends A {
int i;

B(int a, int b) {
super.i = a;
i = b;
}

void show() {
System.out.println("i in superclass: " + super.i);
System.out.println("i in subclass: " + i);
}
} L 6.13
Example: super and Hiding contd.
 Although the i variable in B hides the i variable in
A, super allows access to the hidden variable of
the super-class:

class UseSuper {
public static void main(String args[]) {
B subOb = new B(1, 2);
subOb.show();
}
}

L 6.14
 Using final with inheritance
 final keyword is used declare constants which can not
change its value of definition.

 final Variables can not change its value.

 final Methods can not be Overridden

 final Classes can not be extended or inherited

L 6.15
 Preventing overriding with final

 A method declared final cannot be overridden in any sub-

class:

class A {
final void meth() {
System.out.println("This is a final method.");
}
}
class B extends A {
void meth() {
System.out.println("Illegal!");
}
}
The class B declaration is illegal (Comilation Error)
L 6.16
 Preventing Inheritance with final

 A class declared final cannot be inherited – has no sub-

classes.
 final class A { … }

 class B extends A { … }

 The class B declaration is considered illegal:

 Declaring a class final implicitly declares all its methods

final.
 It is illegal to declare a class as both abstract and final.
L 6.17
 Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is one of three pillars of object-orientation.

 Polymorphism: many different (poly) forms of objects

that share a common interface respond differently
when a method of that interface is invoked:

1) a super-class defines the common interface

2) sub-classes have to follow this interface (inheritance),
but are also permitted to provide their own
implementations (overriding)

 A sub-class provides a specialized behaviors relying on

the common elements defined by its super-class.

L 7.1
 Polymorphism
 A polymorphic reference can refer to different
types of objects at different times
 In Java every reference can be polymorphic
except of references to base types and final
classes.
 It is the type of the object being referenced, not
the reference type, that determines which method
is invoked
 Polymorphic references are therefore resolved at
run-time, not during compilation; this is called
dynamic binding

 Careful use of polymorphic references can lead to

elegant, robust software
L 7.2
designs
Method Overriding
 When a method of a sub-class has the same
signature (name and parameter types) as a
method of the super-class, we say that this
method is overridden.

 When an overridden method is called from

within the sub-class:
 it will always refer to the sub-class method
 super-class method is hidden

L 7.3
 Example: Hiding with Overriding 1

class A {
int i, j;

A(int a, int b) {
i = a; j = b;
}

void show() {
System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j);
}
}

L 7.4
Example: Hiding with Overriding 2

class B extends A {
int k;

B(int a, int b, int c) {

super(a, b);
k = c;
}

void show() {
System.out.println("k: " + k);
}
}
L 7.5
Example: Hiding with Overriding 3

 When show() is invoked on an object of type B,

the version of show() defined in B is used:

class Override {
public static void main(String args[]) {
B subOb = new B(1, 2, 3);
subOb.show();
}
}

 The version of show() in A is hidden through

overriding.
L7.6
 Overloading vs. Overriding

 Overloading deals with  Overriding deals with two

multiple methods in the methods, one in a parent
same class with the class and one in a child
same name but class, that have the same
different signatures signature

 Overloading lets you  Overriding lets you define a

define a similar similar operation in
operation in different different ways for different
ways for different data object types

L 7.7
 Abstract Classes
 Java allows to define abstract classes
 use the modifier abstract on a class header to
declare an abstract class
abstract class Vehicle
{…}
 An abstract class is a placeholder in a class
hierarchy that represents a generic concept

Vehicle

Car Boat Plane

L 7.8
 Abstract Class: Example
 An abstract class often contains abstract
methods, though it doesn’t have to
 Abstract methods consist of only methods
declarations, without any method body

public abstract class Vehicle

{
String name;
public String getName()
{ return name; } \\ method body

abstract public void move();

\\ no body!
}
L 7.9
 Abstract Classes
 An abstract class often contains abstract methods, though it
doesn’t have to
 Abstract methods consist of only methods declarations,
without any method body
 The non-abstract child of an abstract class must override
the abstract methods of the parent

 An abstract class cannot be instantiated

 The use of abstract classes is a design decision; it

helps us establish common elements in a class that is
too general to instantiate
L 7.10
 Abstract Method

 Inheritance allows a sub-class to override the

methods of its super-class.
 A super-class may altogether leave the
implementation details of a method and declare
such a method abstract:
 abstract type name(parameter-list);
 Two kinds of methods in a concrete class:
 concrete – may be overridden by sub-classes
 abstract – must be overridden by sub-classes
 It is illegal to define abstract constructors or
static methods.

L 7.11