A process flow diagram (PFD) shows the general flow of plant processes and equipment. It displays the relationships between main plant equipment but does not show piping details. A PFD of a single unit process will include major equipment, streams, operational data, and connections to other systems. It generally does not include minor details like instrumentation or valves. A unit process involves a chemical reaction, while a unit operation brings about a physical change to process materials.
A process flow diagram (PFD) shows the general flow of plant processes and equipment. It displays the relationships between main plant equipment but does not show piping details. A PFD of a single unit process will include major equipment, streams, operational data, and connections to other systems. It generally does not include minor details like instrumentation or valves. A unit process involves a chemical reaction, while a unit operation brings about a physical change to process materials.
A process flow diagram (PFD) shows the general flow of plant processes and equipment. It displays the relationships between main plant equipment but does not show piping details. A PFD of a single unit process will include major equipment, streams, operational data, and connections to other systems. It generally does not include minor details like instrumentation or valves. A unit process involves a chemical reaction, while a unit operation brings about a physical change to process materials.
A process flow diagram (PFD) shows the general flow of plant processes and equipment. It displays the relationships between main plant equipment but does not show piping details. A PFD of a single unit process will include major equipment, streams, operational data, and connections to other systems. It generally does not include minor details like instrumentation or valves. A unit process involves a chemical reaction, while a unit operation brings about a physical change to process materials.
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Proces Flow Diagram (PFD)
Merupakan suatu diagram yang digunakan dalam
kimia dan rekayasa proses untuk menunjukkan aliran umum proses pabrik dan peralatan. PFD menampilkan hubungan antara peralatan utama fasilitas pabrik namun tidak menunjukkan rincian detil tentang pemipaan. Istilah lain yang sering digunakan untuk PFD adalah flowsheet. Process flow diagrams of a single unit process will include the following:
Process piping Major equipment items Control valves and other major valves Connections with other systems Major bypass and recirculation streams Operational data (temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, density, etc.), often by stream references to a mass balance. Process stream names Process flow diagrams generally do not include:
Pipe classes or piping line numbers
Process control instrumentation (sensors and final elements) Minor bypass lines Isolation and shutoff valves Maintenance vents and drains Relief and safety valves Flanges Some typical elements from process flow diagrams, as provided by the open source program, Dia. Click for image legend. Row-by-row, they are: fan/stirrer, pneumatic line, pneumatic line vertical, measurement, simple heat exchanger simple heat exchanger vertical, alternative heat exchanger, alternative heat exchanger, fixed-sheet heat exchanger, floating-head or u-tube heat exchanger. kettle reboiler, air cooler, forced-flow air cooler, induced-flow air cooler, plate exchanger. double-pipe exchanger, heating/cooling coil, heating/cooling coil, simple furnace, simple vessel, knockout drum, tray column, tray column detailed fluid contacting vessel, reaction/absorption vessel, autoclave, open tank, clarifier/settling tank, sealed tank, covered tank, tank with fixed roof tank with floating roof, storage sphere, gas holder basic, centrifugal pump or fan, positive displacement rotary pump or compressor, reciprocating pump or compressor, axial flow fan compressor or turbine, ejector or injector, AC generator, valve, valve, control valve, control valve basic filter, mixer, cyclonic seperation or hydrocyclone, spray dryer, centrifuge A Unit Process is a step in manufacturing in which chemical reaction takes place, e.g, the oxidation of paraxylene to terephthalic acid is a unit process, the hydrogenation of vegetable oil to ghee is a unit process. In 1930 P.H. Groggins introduced Unit processes in order to classify and standardize chemical reactions A unit operation is a basic step in a process. Unit operations involve bringing a physical change such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration etc. For example, in milk processing, homogenization, pasteurization, chilling, and packaging are each unit operations which are connected to create the overall process. A process may have many unit operations to obtain the desired product. Chemical engineering unit operations consist of five classes:
Fluid flow processes, including fluids transportation, filtration, solids fluidization
Heat transfer processes, including evaporation, condensation Mass transfer processes, including gas absorption, distillation, extraction, adsorption, drying Thermodynamic processes, including gas liquefaction, refrigeration Mechanical processes, including solids transportation, crushing and pulverization, screening and sieving Chemical engineering unit processing consists of the following important processes:
Oxidation Alkaline fusion
Reduction Alkylation Hydrogenation Dealkylation Esterification Dehydrogenation Polymerization Hydrolysis Polycondensation Hydration reaction Catalysis Dehydration Halogenation Nitrification Sulfonation Ammoniation Single process unit
The process flow diagram
below depicts a single chemical engineering unit process known as an amine treating plant:
Process flow diagram of a
typical amine treating process used in petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants and other industrial facilities.
Monoethanolamine: About 20 % for removing H2S and CO2, and about 32 % for removing only C Diethanolamine: About 20 to 25 % for removing H2S and CO2 Methyldiethanolamine: About 30 to 55% % for removing H2S and CO2 Diglycolamine: About 50 % for removing H2S and CO2 Multiple process units within an industrial plant
The process flow diagram below is an
example of a schematic or block flow diagram and depicts the various unit processes within a typical oil refinery:
