The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including what they are, how they work by sampling and quantizing analog signals into digital outputs, and the different types of ADCs like flash, successive approximation, and delta-sigma converters. It also provides details about the ATD10B8C ADC used on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, covering its features, registers, and an example of its use in applications like data acquisition and control systems.
The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including what they are, how they work by sampling and quantizing analog signals into digital outputs, and the different types of ADCs like flash, successive approximation, and delta-sigma converters. It also provides details about the ATD10B8C ADC used on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, covering its features, registers, and an example of its use in applications like data acquisition and control systems.
The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including what they are, how they work by sampling and quantizing analog signals into digital outputs, and the different types of ADCs like flash, successive approximation, and delta-sigma converters. It also provides details about the ATD10B8C ADC used on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, covering its features, registers, and an example of its use in applications like data acquisition and control systems.
The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including what they are, how they work by sampling and quantizing analog signals into digital outputs, and the different types of ADCs like flash, successive approximation, and delta-sigma converters. It also provides details about the ATD10B8C ADC used on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, covering its features, registers, and an example of its use in applications like data acquisition and control systems.
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Analog-Digital Converters
In presenting Order: Josh Navikonis Moiz H Mike Hochman Brian Post
ME 6405 9/29/2009 Agenda Introduction to ADC Types of ADC Characteristics of ADC in MC9S12C Application and Selection of ADC Introduction of ADC What is ADC? Why is ADC important? How does it work? What is ADC? ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is an electronic device that converts a continuous analog input signal to discrete digital numbers (binary) Analog Real world signals that contain noise Continuous in time Digital Discrete in time and value Binary digits that contain values 0 or 1 Why is ADC Important?
All microcontrollers store information using digital logic
Compress information to digital form for efficient storage Medium for storing digital data is more robust Digital data transfer is more efficient Digital data is easily reproducible Provides a link between real-world signals and data storage How ADC Works
2 Stages: Sampling
Sample-Hold Circuit Aliasing
Quantizing and
Encoding Resolution Binary output Sampling
Reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal
Achieved through sampling and holding circuit Switch ON sampling of signal (time to charge capacitor w/ Vin) Switch OFF - voltage stored in capacitor (hold operation) Must hold sampled value constant for digital conversion
Simple Sample and Hold Circuit Response of Sample and Hold Circuit Sampling Sampling rate depends on clock frequency Use Nyquist Criterion Increasing sampling rate increases accuracy of conversion Possibility of aliasing Sampling Signal: Tw 1 Sampling Period: Ts f s
Nyquist Criterion: fs 2 f max
Aliasing High and low frequency samples are indistinguishable Results in improper conversion of the input signal Usually exists when Nyquist Criterion is violated
fs Can exist even when: 2 f max Prevented through the use of Low-Pass (Anti-aliasing) Filters Quantizing and Encoding Approximates a continuous range of values and replaces it with a binary number Error is introduced between input voltage and output binary representation Error depends on the resolution of the ADC Resolution
Resolution Resolution Increase in resolution improves the accuracy of the conversion
Minimum voltage step recognized by ADC
Analog Signal Digitized Signal- High Digitized Signal- Low
Resolution Resolution Types of A/D Converters Presenter : Moiz H
Flash A/D Converter
Successive Approximation A/D Converter Example of Successive Approximation Dual Slope A/D Converter Delta Sigma A/D Converter Elements of a Flash A/D Converter Encoder
Comparator FLASH A/D CONVERTER Resoluti on
23-1 = 7 Comparators
3 Bit Digital Output
Flash A/D Converter Contd.
Pro Con s Fastest (in s additional Each the order of bit of resolution nano seconds) requires twice Simple the number of operational comparators theory Expensive Speed is Prone to limited only produce glitches by gate and in the output comparator propagation delay Elements of Dual-Slope ADC Integrator Dual-Slope ADC
* Elements of the Successive Approximation ADC Successive Approximation Register
Digital to Analog Converter
Takes in a Combination of Bits SUCESSIVE APPROXIMATION A/D CONVERTER Examp le Show the timing waveforms that would occur in SAR ADC when converting an analog voltage of 6.84V to 8-bit binary, assume that the full scale input voltage of the DAC is 10V. Vin = 6.84 V
6.84 V Dual Slope A/D Converter Contd. Pros Con High s Slow accuracy Accuracy is Fewer dependent on adverse the use of affects from precision noise external components Delta-Sigma ADC Delta-Sigma ADC contd. #1 Delta-Sigma Modulator Delta-Sigma ADC contd. #2 Digital Filter
Decimator Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Contd.
Pros Con High s Slow due to Resolution over sampling No need of Good for low precision bandwidth components ADC Comparison
Type Speed(relative) Cost(Relative)
Dual Slope Slow Med
Flash Very fast High
Successive approx Medium fast Low
Sigma-Delta Slow Low
ATD10B8C on MC9S12C32
Presented by: Michael Hochman MC9S12C32 Block Diagram ATD10B8C Block Diagram ATD10B8C Key Features Resolution 8/10 bit (manually chosen) Conversion Time 7 usec, 10 bit Successive Approximation ADC architecture 8-channel multiplexed inputs External trigger control Conversion modes Single or continuous sampling Single or multiple channels ATD10B8C External Pins
12 external pins
AN7 / ETRIG / PAD7
Analog input channel 7 External trigger for ADC General purpose digital I/O
AN6/PAD6 AN0/PAD0 Analog input General purpose digital I/O
VRH, VRL High and low reference voltages for ADC
VDDA, VSSA Power supplies for analog circuitry ATD10B8C Registers
6 Control Registers ($0080 - $0085)
Configure general ADC operation
2 Status Registers ($0086, $008B)
General status information regarding ADC
2 Test Registers ($0088 - $0089)
Allows for analog conversion of internal states
16 Conversion Result Registers ($0090 - $009F)
Formatted results (2 bytes)
1 Digital Input Enable Register ($008D)
Convert channels to digital inputs
1 Digital Port Data Register ($008F)
Contains logic levels of digital input pins Control Register 2 Control Register 3 Control Register 4 Control Register 5 Single Channel Conversions Multi-channel Conversions Status Register 0 Status Register 1 Results Registers ATD Input Enable Register Port Data Register Setting up the ADC Applications For ADC What are some applications for Analog to Digital Converters? Measurements / Data Acquisition Control Systems PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) Sensor integration (Robotics) Cell Phones Video Devices Audio Devices Measurements / Data Acquisition NI X-Series Data Acquisition What is Data Acquisition Card The sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer (DSP) Digital Signal Processing first requires a digital signal Eg. Analysis of data from weather balloons by the National Weather Service Control Systems e*(t) u*(t)
0010
1011 0101 e e*
0011
1001
0101 0010 1010 Controller
t t t t
e*(t) u*(t) Digital R + e S/H D/A u Y & CPU & Plant Controll - ADC er Hold
Clock
Digital Control System
Transduc er The Old Way. Analog Computers Comdyna GP6 The New Way e*(t) u*(t)
0010
1011 0101 e e*
0011
1001
0101 0010 1010 Controller
t t t t
Analog Analog Output Input ADC D/A Programmable Logic Controllers ADC in PLCs Rockwell PLC PLCs are the industry standard Analog I/O Module for automation tasks including: Motion Control Safety Systems designed for: multiple inputs and output arrangements extended temperature ranges immunity to electrical noise resistance to vibration and impact Most I/O are Boolean, however most PLC systems have an analog I/O module Sensor Integration (Robotics) Many robots use microprocessors ADC allows robots to interpret environmental cues and compensate If the algorithm needs to be changed its a simple matter of modifying the code Analog control systems require a complete circuit redesign Cell Phones
Why Digital? Digital signals can be easily manipulated Digital phones convert your voice intobinaryinformation and then compress it Thiscompressionallows between three and 10 digital calls to occupy the space of asingleanalog call. Theanalog-to- digitalanddigital-to- analogconversion chips translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog Audio Devices
Examples ADC From Sound Card
ADCs are integral to
current music reproduction technology They sample audio streams and store the digital data on media like compact disks The current crop of AD converters utilized in music can sample at rates up to 192kilohertz Sound Cards Video Devices
TV Tuners
Analog video and audio
signals are converted to digital signals for display to user Slingbox converts analog input stream and rebroadcasts it across the internet in digital form CCDs use ADCs to process image data Selection of an ADC Important Considerations: Input Type Differential or Single Ended Resolution - Most Important Scaling - allows the user to divide or multiply the input voltage to more closely match the full scale range of the ADC Sample Rate - The sample rate must be at least twice the frequency the you are measuring, but 5 times is much better Channel Scan Rate - The channel scan rate is the maximum rate that the ADC can select a new channel and make a measurement. many ADCs have a relatively slow scan rate (when compared to the sample rate.) Eg. To achieve a sample rate of 600Hz on three channels, you will need a channel scan rate of at least 1.8kHz Example: Selecting an ADC We want to digitize a vibration signal measured by an accelerometer with the following characteristics (PCB 301A10): Sensitivity: (2.0%) 100 mV/g Measurement Range: 50 g pk Frequency Range: (5%) 0.5 to 10000 Hz Select a satisfactory Analog to Digital Converter. Example Continued Desired Signal: Sensitivity: (2.0%) 100 mV/g Measurement Range: 50 g pk Solution Frequency Range: (5%) 0.5 to 10000 Hz 10 Vrange ln( 1) Resolution: resolution n n 0.1 6.66 bit 8 bit 2 1 ln(2)
Minimum Sampling Freq:
f s min 2 * f max f s min 5 *10000 Hz Ideal Sampling Freq: f s min 5 * f max 50000 Hz Choosing AD7892 From Analog Devices: The AD7892 is a high speed, low power, 12-bit A/D converter that operates from a single +5 V supply. The part contains a 1.47 s successive approximation ADC, an on- chip track/hold amplifier, an internal +2.5 V reference and on-chip versatile interface structures that allow both serial and parallel connection to a microprocessor. The part accepts an analog input range of 10 V or 5 V. Overvoltage protection on the analog inputs for the AD7892-1 and AD7892-3 allows the input voltage to go to 17 V or 7 V respectively without damaging the ports. References Cetinkunt, Sabri. Mechatronics 2007 www.me.gatech.edu/mechatronics_course en.wikipedia.org/ www.engineer.tamuk.edu/ www.scm.tees.ac.uk Bishop, Ron. Basic Microprocessors and the 6800 MC912SC Family Data Sheet MC912SC Reference Manual MC912SC Programming Reference Guide
