Data Transmission and
Line Coding
Dr. Tuhina Samanta
BEIT, 4th Semester
Digital Data, Digital Signal
Digital signal
Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
Each pulse is a signal element
Binary
data encoded into signal elements
BEIT, 4th Semester
Line Coding
BEIT, 4th Semester
Line Coding
Unipolar
All
signal elements have same sign
Polar
One
logic state represented by positive voltage the other
by negative voltage
Data rate
Rate
of data transmission in bits per second
Duration or length of a bit
Time
taken for transmitter to emit the bit
BEIT, 4th Semester
Terms
Modulation rate
Rate at which the signal level changes
Measured in baud = signal elements per second
Mark and Space
Binary
1 and Binary 0 respectively
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Requirements of Encoding Schemes
Signal Spectrum
Lack
of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth
Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via transformer,
providing isolation
Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth
Clocking
Synchronizing transmitter
and receiver
External
clock
Sync mechanism based on signal
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Requirements of Encoding Schemes
Error detection
Can be built in
to signal encoding
Signal interference and noise immunity
Transparency to
1s and 0s.
Some codes are better than others
Cost and complexity
Higher signal
rate (& thus data rate) lead to
higher costs
BEIT, 4th Semester
Encoding Schemes (Line
Coding)
Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Bipolar -AMI
Pseudoternary
Manchester
Differential Manchester
B8ZS
HDB3
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Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
Voltage constant during bit interval
no transition i.e. no return to zero voltage
Line Coding
Absence of voltage for zero, constant positive voltage for one
More often, negative voltage for one value and positive for
the other
Alternately called NRZ-L
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NRZ
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10
NRZ pros and cons
Pros
Easy
to engineer
Make good use of bandwidth
Cons
dc component
Lack
of synchronization capability
Used for magnetic recording
Not often used for signal transmission
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RZ Line Codes
Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
Transition return to zero voltage within a bit interval
1
0
ON-OFF(RZ)
POLAR (RZ)
BIPOLAR (RZ)
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Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)
Let R() time correlation function of pulse
train.
ak be pulse amplitude.
R0 time average of square of the pulse
amplitude, (correlation of ak with ak
,autocorrelation)
ltN (1/N)k ak2 = ltN (N)/(N) = 1
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Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)
R1 = multiply ak and ak+1th pulse. (correlation
between ak and ak+1)
Possible bit combinations 00, 01, 10, 11
R1 ltN(1/N) [ (N/2)(1) + (N/2)(-1) ] = 0
All Rn = 0, n 1
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PSD expression
PSD Sx( ) is Fourier transform of Autocorrelation
1
Rx( )
Rx ( )
Rn ( nTb )
Tb
1
S x ( ) ( R0 2 Rn cos( nTb ))
Tb
n 1
assuming R() is even function of .
PSD of the resulting line code is,
2
| P ( ) |
S y ( ) | P ( ) | S x ( )
( R0 2n 1 Rn cos(nTb ))
Tb
2
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PSD of Polar Signaling
For polar coding let p(t) be a rectangular pulse
of width Tb/2.
T /2.
p(t)
t
2t
Then,
p (t ) rect (
) rect ( )
Tb / 2
Tb
Therefore,
T
T
T
b
P( )
sin c(
PSD of polar signaling is,
| P( ) | 2
| P ( ) | 2 Tb
2 Tb
S y ( )
R0
sin c (
)
Tb
Tb
4
4
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Properties of Polar (RZ) Coding
If Tb is pulse duration with pulse
width Tb/2 then bandwidth is 2Rb.
With pulse width Tb bandwidth is
Rb.
Power Efficient.
Clock extraction is easier.
Essential bandwidth requirement
2Rb not bandwidth efficient -4R
No error detection-correction
capabilities
At = 0, PSD is present, i.e. no
d.c. null
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PSD
-2Rb
17
2Rb
4Rb
Power Spectral Density
BIPOLAR (RZ)
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Bipolar Coding
R0 = ltN(1/N) [((N/2)(1)2 + ((N/2)(0)) ]
=
R1 = ltN (1/N) [((N/4) (-1)) + ((3N/4)(0))]
= -1/4
R2 = ltN(1/N) [ (N/8)(1) +(N/8)(-1) + (3N/4)(0)]
=0
Remaining terms are zero. Rn = 0 for n > 1
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PSD Expression
For half width pulse, PSD of bipolar line coding is,
| P ( ) |2
S y ( )
[ R0 2 Rn cos( nTb )]
Tb
n 1
| P ( ) | 1
[ 2 R1 cos(Tb ) 0 ...]
Tb
2
2
| P ( ) |2
| P ( ) |2 2 Tb
[1 cos Tb ]
sin (
)
2Tb
2Tb
2
Tb
2 Tb
2 Tb
sin c (
) sin (
)
4
4
2
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Properties of Bipolar (RZ) Coding
D.C. null exists
Lesser bandwidth
Single error
detection possible
Twice as much
power as polar
signal
Not transparent to
long 0s and 1s
PSD
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Rb
21
2Rb
Comparative Study
PSD
P()
Bipolar
Split phase
Polar
Rb
= 2/Tb
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2Rb
22
Multilevel Binary
Use more than two levels
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Bipolar-AMI and Pseudoternary
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Bipolar-AMI
zero represented by
no line signal
one represented by positive or negative pulse
one pulses alternate in polarity
No loss of sync if a long string of ones (zeros
still a problem)
No net dc component
Lower bandwidth
Easy error detection
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Exercise
Draw Manchester, Differential Manchester
line coding, and High Density Bipolar
Coding.
Calculate PSD for pseudoternary and on-off
signaling
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High Density Bipolar Coding
Used to eliminate nontransparency in bipolar signal
HDBN coding with N = 1,2,3...
Popular choice of N is 3; with 000V and B00V as
special sequences
B=1 conforms to bipolar rule; V=1 violates bipolar rule
Sequence B00V is used when there is an even number
of 1s following the last sequence, and sequence 000V is
used when there is an odd number of 1s following the
last sequence
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High Density Bipolar Coding
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
Pulse sent every Tb sec.
Spreading of a pulse beyond Tb will cause
interference with neighboring pulses ISI.
Nyquist Criterion for zero ISI,
= 1 for t = 0
p(t)
= 0 for t = nTb
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Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion
p(t)
1
P()
-Rb
Rb
-3/Rb -2/Rb -1/Rb
for t = 0
for t = nTb
p(t) = sinc(R bt) =
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1/Rb
2/Rb
P ( )
rect (
)
Rb
2Rb
30
Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion
Sinc pulse decays too slowly (as 1/t)
Pulse satisfying Nyquist criteria should
decay faster than 1/t
Such pulse requires bandwidth kRb/2, with
1 k 2
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Roll-off factor
P()
The b.w. of the spectrum
shown aside is b/2 + x
Roll-off factor (r) = excess
bandwidth/theoretical
minimum bandwidth
= 2 x/ b
0 r 1
Tb
Tb /2
b/2
x
b
x
Let theoretical minimum b.w.
Rb/2 Hz
Then, BT = (Rb/2) + (rRb/2)
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Raised Cosine function:
cos(Rb t )
p( t ) Rb
sin c(Rb t )
2 2
1 4 Rb t
|P()|
1
The characteristic is also
called full-cosine-roll off
characteristic.
0
Decays as 1/t3
The time domain representation
is (taking inverse Fourier Transform),
1
P ( ) (1 cos
)rect (
)
2
2 Rb
4Rb
2
cos (
)rect (
)
4 Rb
4Rb
[Ref. B.P.Lathi, Ch. 7]
BEIT, 4th Semester
2Tb
x = 0
x = b/4
x = b/2
p(t)
-Tb 33
Tb
2Tb
Problems
1) A baseband signal of frequency 5kHz.is applied to a
product modulator together with a carrier wave of
1MHz. The modulator output is next applied to a
resonant circuit tuned to 50Hz. Determine the
modulated output signal.
2) For tone modulation with amplitude modulation
index = 1 and 0.5 and baseband signal m(t) =
Bcos( mt) draw the waveforms of amplitude
modulated signals both in time and frequency
domain.
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