Broca's area is located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain. Damage to Broca's area and surrounding regions can cause Broca's aphasia, characterized by nonfluent speech with short phrases and effortful initiation, relatively good comprehension and reading ability but impaired repetition and writing. Broca's aphasia is also associated with agrammatism and motor speech impairments due to the role of Broca's area in motor planning and programming of speech articulation muscles. While damage must be more extensive than just Broca's area alone to cause the full syndrome of Broca's aphasia, lesions in this region have been shown to impair speech production.
Broca's area is located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain. Damage to Broca's area and surrounding regions can cause Broca's aphasia, characterized by nonfluent speech with short phrases and effortful initiation, relatively good comprehension and reading ability but impaired repetition and writing. Broca's aphasia is also associated with agrammatism and motor speech impairments due to the role of Broca's area in motor planning and programming of speech articulation muscles. While damage must be more extensive than just Broca's area alone to cause the full syndrome of Broca's aphasia, lesions in this region have been shown to impair speech production.
Broca's area is located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain. Damage to Broca's area and surrounding regions can cause Broca's aphasia, characterized by nonfluent speech with short phrases and effortful initiation, relatively good comprehension and reading ability but impaired repetition and writing. Broca's aphasia is also associated with agrammatism and motor speech impairments due to the role of Broca's area in motor planning and programming of speech articulation muscles. While damage must be more extensive than just Broca's area alone to cause the full syndrome of Broca's aphasia, lesions in this region have been shown to impair speech production.
Broca's area is located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain. Damage to Broca's area and surrounding regions can cause Broca's aphasia, characterized by nonfluent speech with short phrases and effortful initiation, relatively good comprehension and reading ability but impaired repetition and writing. Broca's aphasia is also associated with agrammatism and motor speech impairments due to the role of Broca's area in motor planning and programming of speech articulation muscles. While damage must be more extensive than just Broca's area alone to cause the full syndrome of Broca's aphasia, lesions in this region have been shown to impair speech production.
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Language Disorder
continued
Introduction to Neuropsychology 29.06.2016
What is aphasia? From the ancient Greek aphatos, meaning without speech; speechless Aphasia can destroy, or impoverish to a greater or lesser ex tent, any or all or some components of verbal language; Speech Writing Auditory comprehension Reading (Hale, 2007)
Silent in sadness Egypt 2800 BC
(Hale, 2007)
Brocas Area
Where is Brocas area locate
d?
In the frontal part of the left he
misphere of the brain Designated Area 44 in Brodma n's classification Area 44 can be distinguished fr om surrounding cortex and rep resents an intermediate degree of differentiation between pre motor cortex and primary moto r cortex. (Reinvang, 1985)
(Grodzinsky, Y., & Amunts, K., 2006)
Brocas Area
Where is Brocas area locate
d?
In the frontal part of the left he
misphere of the brain Designated Area 44 in Brodma n's classification Area 44 can be distinguished fr om surrounding cortex and rep resents an intermediate degree of differentiation between pre motor cortex and primary moto r cortex. (Reinvang, 1985)
(Grodzinsky, Y., & Amunts, K., 2006)
Brocas Area What is it responsible for?
Wernicke (1874) believed that
Brocas area receives sensory in puts from the musculature. It has the function of storing m emory (images) of performed movements. These images can be aroused vi a association fibers from other cortical areas, thus giving rise t o speech.
(Reinvang, 1985)
(Grodzinsky, Y., & Amunts, K., 2006)
Brocas Aphasia The oldest and perhaps best-studied form of aphasia, also known as:
First described by Paul Broca in the 19th century after perfor
ming an autopsy on a patient who for several years before his death could speak only a single word, "tan." (Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G., 2014)
Brocas Aphasia Speech
nonfluent speech made up of poorly
articulated short phrases produced with hesitations and effort, particularly in initiation
Comprehens good, but not completely normal
ion Repetition
Ability to repeat and name is impaired,
but often better than the ability to produce words in spontaneous speech
Reading
relatively good
Writing
always impaired
(Reinvang, 1985)
Brocas Aphasia The melodic contour is flat. The general appearance of speech is telegraphic, due to bo th the selective deletion of many functor words and disturb ances of canonical word order. Patients are often depressed and may respond to testing fa ilures with "catastrophic" reactions, like sudden weeping a nd refusal to proceed with the examination. (Sarno, 1998)
Broca's aphasics are aware of their errors and have a low t
olerance for frustration. (David C. Race & Argye E. Hillis, 2015)
Agrammatism Brocas aphasics can also have comprehension deficits relat ed to.. syntax. Often only the most basic and overlearned grammatical for ms are produced and comprehended, a deficit known as a grammatic aphasia. "The boy kicked the girl" vs. "The boy was kicked by the girl.
Whats really happening?
Brocas Aphasia and Motor Impairment
Production of a spoken word requir
es motor planning and execution of the muscles used for speech. Impairment in motor planning and programming of speech articulation is most closely associated with the i nferior frontal gyrus, portions of the insular gyrus, the supplementary co (Grodzinsky, Y., & Amunts, K., 2006 rtex, and the premotor cortex. Damage to these regions is associated with deficits in speech praxis, or orchestration of motor plans of the lips, tongue, jaw, palate, vocal fold s, and muscles of respiration to articulate speech. (David C. Race & Argye E. Hillis, 2015)
Brocas Aphasia and Motor Impairment
Broca's aphasia is often asso ciated with damage that ext ends out of the posterior inf erior frontal cortex into surro unding cortex. As primary motor cortex lies next to Broca's area, patients often have a muscle weakne ss or paralysis. This typically affects the right side of the body. (David Groome et al., 2014)
Correspondence between Broca's area and Broca's aphasia
There is not necessarily a correspondence between Broca's area and Broca's aphasia. However, to have a full clinical profile of Broca's aphasia, more exte nsive damage is required. Mohr et al. (1978) looked at twenty lesions at autopsy and related t he clinical speech problems that the people suffered in life to their acquired brain damage. He found that a lesion to Broca's area itself caused transient speech mutism. This may well have been transient, because of plasticity in the brain, or because the right hemisphere regions start to be recruited. (David Groome et al., 2014)
Aphasia Causes 90% of aphasias are caused by strok e. Other causes include: o cysts, infections, inflammations, car accidents, gunshot wounds, or taki ng ecstasy. Although the majority of aphasics are elderly, the incidence of young aphasi a is rising due to improved survival rat es after road accidents and drug abus e.
The preserved brain of Leborgne (Broca
s patient Tan), which is maintained in a Paris museum. (Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G., 201 4)
How Aphasia develops?
Initially, all cases are mute and unable to write legi bly with either hand. All patients emerged from mutism into stereotype utterances, which soon became agrammatic laconi c efforts at spontaneous speech.
(Grodzinsky, Y., & Amunts, K., 2006)
Thank You
References David C. Race & Argye E. Hillis. (2015). The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Naming. In A. Hillis, The Handbook of Adult Language Disorders (pp. 151-160). New York: Ps ychology Press. David Groome et al. (2014). An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: Processes and Disor ders-. London & New York: Psychology Press. Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2014). Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of th e Mind. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. Grodzinsky, Y., & Amunts, K. (2006). Broca's Region . New York: Oxford University Pres s. Hale, S. (2007). The Man Who Lost His Language: A Case of Aphasia. London & Philadel phia: Jessica Kingsley Pub. Reinvang, I. (1985). Aphasia and Brain Organization . New York: Plenum Press. Sarno, M. T. (1998). Acquired Aphasia. New York: Academic Press.
