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Module 2
(Cont.)
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 3 in Dorf and Svoboda
Series resistors and Voltage Divider
Ohms Law
KVL
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Series resistors and Voltage Divider
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Where
Also
Therefore, we can see that each one of the above resistors took a portion of vs
proportional to the value of its resistance.
Hence, the name voltage divider is used for a group of resistors connected in series.
Parallel resistors and Current Divider
Using the conductances to
express the resistances
KCL at this node gives
Ohms Law
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Parallel resistors and Current Divider
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Where
Also
Therefore, we can see that each one of the above resistors took a portion of is
proportional to the value of its conductance.
Hence, the name current divider is used for a group of resistors connected in parallel.
Independent Voltage Sources in Series
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The rule is to replace every two or more independent voltage sources in series
by a single independent voltage source whose value is the algebraic some
of the voltages, i.e.,
Opposite Direction
Same Direction
Replace by
Replace by
Replace by
OR
OR
Replace by
To verify the above rule consider the following
example.
Independent Voltage Sources in Series
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Verification Example
Replaced By
We show next the that the two circuits
are the same
Independent Voltage Sources in Series
8
p
+
-
+
2
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q
+
1
KCL at node p
KCL at node p
KCL at node q
KCL at node q
KVL at Loop 1
KVL at Loop 1
KVL at Loop 2
KVL at Loop 2
KVL at Loop 3
KVL at Loop 3
+
2
+
3
Independent Current Sources in Parallel
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The rule is replace every two or more independent current sources in parallel
by a single independent source whose value is the algebraic some of the current.
Same
direction
Opposite direction
Replace by
Replace by
Replace by
Replace by
OR
OR
10
Independent Voltage Sources in Parallel
NOT
ALLOWED
Because elements in parallel have the same voltage, and by connecting two
independent voltage sources in parallel, they cannot be considered as
independent any more because we are forcing one of them to follow the
other.
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11
Independent Current Sources in Series
NOT
ALLOWED
Because elements in series have the same current, and by connecting two
independent current sources in series, they cannot be considered as
independent any more because we are forcing one of them to follow the
other or have the same current as another one.
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Final Note on Module 2
Measurement
Equipments
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Measurement Equipment
In solving the problems in the book, we always see these diagrams
Voltmeter
.
Ammeter
These are symbols for equipments used to measure Voltages and Currents
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Measurement Equipment
Ideal Voltmeter
Ideal Voltmeter is a measurement device that can measure the voltage
difference between any two nodes in the circuit. We call it ideal because,
when connected to the two nodes, it does not disturb the circuit in any way.
The symbol used in the text
is as shown below
The reading shows
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Measurement Equipment
15
Ideal Voltmeter
Examples
5 . 0
The reading is
5V
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Measurement Equipment
Ideal Ammeter
Ideal Ammeter is a measurement device that can measure the current
Passing through a circuit element. We call it ideal because, when connected
to the circuit, it does not disturb the circuit in any way.
The symbol used in the text
is as shown below
The reading shows
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Measurement Equipment
Ideal Ammeter
An Example
2 . 0
The reading shows
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Final Notes on Module 3
Assume that we are supposed to measure the voltage across resistor R2
This is a typical voltage divider and the voltage across R2 will be
In this case connecting the voltmeter would register the reading of 15 V
1 5 . 0
Voltmeter
19
Final Notes on Module 3
Now assume that we need to measure the current. Therefore we use the
Ammeter and connect as shown below
3 . 0
Ammeter
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