FILTRATION
Separation of solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a
permeable medium which retains the particles
Filter cake
Slurry
flow
Filter medium
Filtrate
a pressure drop has to be applied across the medium (screen/cloth)
fluid flow through small holes of a screen/cloth
retains the large solid particles as a separate phase (porous cake)
passes the clear filtrate
porous filter cake acts as a filter for the suspended particles
flow resistance increases as filter medium becomes clogged or cake builds
up
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FILTRATION
The valuable product may be:
- the clear filtrate from the filtration or
- the solid cake ( solid particles build up)
essentially a mechanical operation
less demanding in energy than evaporation or drying
Used to remove solid particles from or to :
1) Clarify juices
2) Extracts
3) Vegetable and fish oils.
4) Fermented beverages.
5) Recirculated cooking oil
6) Flume water, milk, and soy milk.
7) Separate potato starch from potato fruit water,
8) High-melting fats from vegetable oils in fractionation processes.
9) Crystals from mother liquors.
10) Chemically precipitated impurities.
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FILTRATION
As time passes during filtration, either
- the filtrate flow rate diminishes or
- pressure drop rises
Constant-pressure filtration
- pressure drop is held constant
- flow rate allowed to fall with time
Constant -rate filtration (less common)
- pressure drop is progressively increased
Liquid passes through 2 resistance in series:
- cake resistance (zero at start & increases with time)
- filter medium resistance (impt. during early stages of filtration)
during washing, both resistances are constant, and filter medium resistance is
usually negligible
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BASIC THEORY OF FILTRATION
Rate of filtration = driving force/resistance
dV pA
dt
cSV
Rm
A
where
L = thickness of cake (m)
p = total pressure drop = pcake + pfilter medium (N/m2)
A = filter cross section area (m2)
= specific cake resistance (m/kg)
= viscocity of filtrate ( Pa.s)
cs = dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate (kg
solids/m3 filtrate)
V = volume of filtrate (m3)
Rm = resistance of filter medium to filtrate flow (m -1)
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)
dt cs V R K V B
m
p
dV A 2 p
A
p
K pV 2
t
BV
2
cs
K p
A 2 p
B Rm
A p
Slope = Kp/2
Time of filtration:
where
t/V (s/m3)
Intercept = B
Filtration volume , V (m3)
Determination of constants in a constant-pressure filtration
run
2
p
= total pressure drop = pcake + pfilter (N/m )
A = filter cross section area (m2)
= specific cake resistance (m/kg)
= viscocity of filtrate ( Pa.s)
cs = dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate (kg solids/m 3 filtrate)
V = volume of filtrate (m3)
Rm = resistance of filter medium to filtrate flow (m -1)
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)
Example 14.2-1
Data for the laboratory filtration of CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2 K are reported as
follows at a constant pressure (-p) of 338 kN/m2. The filter area of the plate and frame
press was A=0.0439 m2 and the slurry concentration was cs=23.47 kg/m3. Calculate the
constant and Rm from the experimental data given, where t is time in s and V is
filtrate volume collected in m3.
Example 14.2-2
The same slurry used in Example 14.2-1 is to be filtered in a plate-and-frame press
having 20 frames and 0.873 m2 area per frame. The same pressure will be used in
constant pressure filtration. Assuming the same filter-cake properties and filter cloth,
calculate the time to recover 3.37 m3 filtrate
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EXAMPLE 14.2-1 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION
= ? m/kg
Rm = ?m-1
CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2K (25oC)
A = 0.0439 m2
cs = 23.47 kg solids/m3 filtrate
-P = 338 kN/m2
Solution:
Given:
BV
2
t Kp
V B
V
2
Kp/2 = 3.00 x 106 s/m6
B =6400 s/m3
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K pV 2
EXAMPLE 14.2-1 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION
= ? m/kg
Rm = ?m-1
CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2K (25oC)
A = 0.0439 m2
cs = 23.47 kg solids/m3 filtrate
-P = 338 kN/m2
Solution:
Kp/2 = 3.00 x 10 s/m
6
B =6400 s/m
R
Ap m
Kp = 6.00 x 10 s/m
From Appendix A.2-4: = 8.937 x 10-4 Pa.s
Substituting
all the known values,
Rm = 10.63 x 1010m-1
= 1.863 x 1011 m/kg
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cs
A 2 p
EXAMPLE 14.2-2 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION
CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2K (25oC)
A = 0.0439 m2
cs = 23.47 kg solids/m3 filtrate
-P = 338 kN/m2
Plate-and-frame press having 20 frames (0.873 m 2 per frame)
Time to recover 3.37 m3 filtrate = ?
Solution:
cs
Kp = 6.00 x 10 s/m
A 2 p
R
3
B =6400 s/m Ap m
6
-4
From Appendix A.2-4:
=
8.937
x
10
Pa.s
2
Substituting
all the known values plus the new area ( 20 x 0.873 = 17.46 m ),
Kp = 37.93 s/m6
B = 16.10 s/m3
K pV 2
37.93(3.37)2
t
BV
16.1(3.37) 269.7s
2
2
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)
Washing of filter cake:
dV
dt
Leaf filter:
Plate-&-frame filter:
Time of washing:
K pV f B
dV 1
1
dt f 4 K pV f B
t washingliquid
rateofwashing
where
dV
3
=
rate
of
washing
(m
/s)
dt
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
Cleaning time - remove the cake, clean the filter, and reassemble the filter
Vf= total volume of filtrate for entire period at the end of filtration (m 3)
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)
Example 14.2-3
At the end of the filtration cycle in previous example, a total filtrate volume of 3.37 m 3
is collected in a total time of 269.7 s. The cake is to be washed by through-washing in
the plate-and-frame press using a volume of wash water equal to 10% of the filtrate
volume. Calculate the time of washing and the total filter cycle time if cleaning the
filter takes 20 min
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EXAMPLE 14.2-3 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION
filtrationtime 269.7s
V = 3.37 m3 filtrate
Washing liquid = 10% filtrate volume m 3 = 0.337 m3
Time washing = ?
Total filter cycle = ?
Cleaning time = 20 min
Solution:
Kp = 37.93 s/m6
B = 16.10 s/m3
dV
1
1
rate of washing (m3/s)= dt 4 K V B
p f
f
dV
dt
1
1
1.737x103 m 3 /s
f 4 37.93(3.37)16.1
0.337 194s
Time of washing, t washingliquid
rateofwashing 1.737x103
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
Substituting all the known values ,
Total cycle filter time = 269.7s + 194s + (20 x 60)s = 1663.7 s =27.73 min
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)
Plate and frame press (batch)
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION( CONTINUOUS)
Feed, filtrate & cake move at steady constant rates
Filter medium resistance = negligible i.e. B = 0
Time required for formation of cake:
Flowrate of filtrate:
where
2
V
t Kp
2
V W c X
tc
c
S
tC= total cycle time
W = massflowrate of slurry (kg/s)
cX= slurry concentration in mass fraction
cs = dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate
c X
1mc X
= density of filtrate (kg/m3)
m = mass ratio of wet cake to dry cake (kg wet cake/kg dry cake)
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION( CONTINUOUS)
Filter medium resistance = negligible i.e. B = 0
Flowrate of filtrate per filter area:
1/ 2
2
f
p
V
Atc tc cs
where
f = fraction of the cycle used for cake formation
In the rotary drum:
f = the fraction of submergence of the drum surface in the slurry
t ftC f
where
n = drum speed
Short cycle times and/or the filter medium resistance large:
t ftC K p
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V2
2
BV
V
Atc
1/ 2
Rm /t c R /t 2c s p f /t c
2
m
2
c
c s
FILTRATION IN A CONTINUOUS ROTARY DRUM FILTER
Example 14.2-4
A rotary drum filter having a 33 % submergence of the drum in the slurry is to be used
to filter aqueous CaCO3 slurry as given in Example 14.2-1 using a pressure drop of 67
kPa. The solids concentration in the slurry is 0.191 kg solid/kg slurry and the filter cake
is such that the kg wet cake/kg dry cake = 2. The density and viscosity of the filtrate
can be assumed as those of water at 298.2 K. Calculate the filter area needed to filter
0.778 kg slurry/s. The filter cycle time is 250 s. The specific cake resistance can be
9
0.3
represented (4.37x10 )P .
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CONSTANT RATE FILTRATION
Early stages of filtration - resistance of cake = negligible
Slurry fed to the filter by a positive-displacement pump
For a constant rate (dV/dt) in m3/s:
cs dV Rm dV
V
p
KV V C
-p(N/m )
2
A dt A dt
Slope = KV
where
Intercept = C
KV is in N/m5
C is in N/m2
Cake is incompressible:
Filtration volume , V (m3)
Determination of constants in a constant-rate filtration run
Pressure as cake thickness & volume of filtrate
Total volume V:
V t dV
dt
Hence:
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c s dV 2 Rm dV
t
p
A dt A dt
CONSTANT RATE FILTRATION
Example
A plate-and-frame press filter is used to filtrate an aqueous suspension.
Working under constant filtration velocity, 250 l of filtrate are obtained
after 45 min. During this period, the pressure drop increases from 39 200
Pa to 343 000 Pa. If it were desired to work at a constant pressure of 343
000 Pa, what amount of filtrate would be obtained after 45 min?
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FILTRATION EQUIPMENTS
Cake accumulation and removal in batch mode
Filter funnel
Filter press
Leaf pressure filter
Vacuum leaf filter
Continuous cake accumulation and removal
Horizontal continuous filter
Rotary drum filter
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