EN554 Photonic Networks
Lecture 1: Introduction
Professor Z Ghassemlooy
Northumbria Communications Laboratory
School of Informatics, Engineering and
Technology
The University of Northumbria
U.K.
http://soe.unn.ac.uk/ocr
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Contents
Reading List
Lecture 1: Introduction
Transmission Media
History
Communication Technologies
Applications
System
Challenges Ahead
Lecture 2: Components for Photonic Networks
Lecture 3: Optical Amplifier
Lecture 4: System Limitation and Non-linear effect
Lecture 5: Transmission System Engineering Part 1
Lecture 6: Transmission System Engineering Part 2
Lecture 7: Photonic Networks
Lecture 8: Photonic Switching
Lecture 9: Wavelength Routing Networks Part 1
Lecture 10: Wavelength Routing Networks Part 2
Lecture 11: Access Network
Lecture 12: Revision
Tutorials and Solutions: Visit http://soe.unn.ac.uk/ocr
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Reading List
Essential Reading List
lyas, Mohammad and Mouftah, Hussien: The Handbook of Optical
Communication Networks, CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 0-84-931333-3
Ramasawami, R and Sivarajan, K.N: Optical network: A practical
perspective, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001, ISBN 1-55-860655-6
Donati, Silvano: Photodetectors: Devices, Circuits and
Applications, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN 0-13-020337-8
Optional Reading List
Stern, T.E. and Bala, K: Multiwavelength Optical Networks: A
layered approach, Addison Wesley, 1999, ISBN 0-20-130967-X
Sabella, R and Lugli, P:High speed optical communications,
Kluwer Academic, 1999, ISBN 0-41-280220-1
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Transmission Media
Transmission Medium, or channel, is the actual physical
path that data follows from the transmitter to the receiver.
Copper cable is the oldest, cheapest, and the most
common form of transmission medium to date.
Optical Fiber is being used increasingly for high-speed
applications.
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Transmission by Light: why?
Growing demand for faster and more efficient
communication systems
Internet traffic is tripling each year
It enables the provision of Ultra-high bandwidth to
meet the growing demand
Increased transmission length
Improved performance
etc.
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Demand for Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Demand
1990
2000
2010
Typical data bandwidth requirement
Raw text = 0.0017 Mb
Word document = 0.023 Mb
Word document with picture = 0.12 Mb
20,000 x Radio-quality sound = 0.43 Mb
Low-grade desktop video = 2.6 Mb
CD-quality sound = 17 Mb
Good compressed (MPEG1) video = 38 Mb
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Historical Developments
800 BC
400 BC
150 BC
1880
Use of fire signal by the Greeks
Fire relay technique to increase transmission distance
Encoded message
Invention of the photophone by Alexander Graham Bell
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Historical Developments - contd.
1930
1950-55
1962
1960
Experiments with silica fibres, by Lamb (Germany)
The birth of clad optical fibre, Kapany et al (USA)
The semiconductor laser, by Natan, Holynal et al (USA)
Line of sight optical transmission using laser:
- Beam diameter: 5 m
- Temperature change will effect the laser beam
Therefore, not a viable option
1966- A paper by C K Kao and Hockham (UL) was a break
through
- Loss < 20 dB/km
- Glass fibre rather than crystal (because of high viscosity)
- Strength: 14000 kg /m2.
Contd.
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Historical Developments - contd.
1970 Low attenuation fibre, by Apron and Keck (USA) from 1000
dB/km - to - 20 dB/km
- Dopent added to the silica to in/decrease fibre refractive index.
Late 1976 Japan, Graded index multi-mode fibre
- Bandwidth: 20 GHz, but only 2 GHz/km
Start of fibre deployment.
1976 800 nm Graded multimode fibre @ 2 Gbps/km.
1980s
- 1300 nm Single mode fibre @ 100 Gbps/km
- 1500 nm Single mode fibre @ 1000 Gbps/km
- Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Historical Developments - contd.
1990s
- Soliton transmission (exp.): 10 Gbps over 106 km with no error
- Optical amplifiers
- Wavelength division multiplexing,
- Optical time division multiplexing (experimental) OTDM
2000 and beyond
- Optical Networking
- Dense WDM, @ 40 Gbps/channel, 10 channels
- Hybrid DWDM/OTDM
~ 50 THz transmission window
> 1000 Channels WDM
> 100 Gbps OTDM
Polarisation multiplexing
- Intelligent networks
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Lightwave Evolution
*
10,000
Systems
Research
Experiments
3000
1000
Capacity (Gb/s)
300
100
30
10
3
1
0.3
0.1
0.03
80
82
84
86
88
90
Single Channel (ETDM)
Multi-Channel (WDM)
Single Channel (OTDM)
WDM + OTDM
WDM + Polarization Mux
Soliton WDM
92
94
96
Year
Prof.
Z Ghassemlooy
98
00
02
04
Courtesy:
A. Chraplyvy
System Evolution
10000
Capacity (Gb/s)
1000
100
10
1
0.1
1985
Optical networking
Wavelength Switching
TOTDM
Research Systems
Commercial Systems
Fiberization
Digitization
SONET rings and
DWDM linear
systems
1990
1995
Year
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
2000
2004
cisco
Existing Systems - 1.2 Tbps WDM
DWDM
Typical bit rate 40 Gbps / channel
~ 8 THz (or 60 nm) Amplifier bandwidth
32 channels (commercial) with 0.4 nm (50 GHz) spacing
2400 km, no regeneration (Alcatel)
Total bandwidth = (Number of channels) x (bit-rate/channel)
OTDM
Typical bit rate 6.3 Gbps / channel
~ 400 Amplifier bandwidth
16 channels with 1 ps pulse width
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Commercial Systems
System
Year
WDM
chan nels
FT3
1980
FTG -1.7
1987
FT -2000
1992
NGLN
1995
1999
80
40
2001
160
10 Gb/s
1.6 Tb/s
20,640,000
640 km
2003
128
64
10 Gb/s
40 Gb/s
1.28 Tb/s
2.56 Tb/s
16,512,000
33,0 24,000
4000 km
1000 km
WaveStar
400G
TM
WaveStar
1.6T
TM
LambdaXtreme
Voice
channels
per fibre
Bit rate/
channel
Bit rate/
Fibre
45 Mb/s
45 Mb/s
672
7 km
1.7 Gb/s
24,192
50 km
2.5 Gb/s
32,256
50 km
20 Gb/s
258,000
360 km
200 Gb/s
400 Gb/s
2,580,000
5,160,000
640 km
640 km
1.7
Gb/s
2.5
Gb/s
2.5
Gb/s
2.5
Gb/s
10 Gb/s
H. Kogelnik, ECOC 2004
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Regen
spans
Communications Technologies
Year
Service
Bandwidth distance product
1900
Open wire telegraph
500 Hz-km
1940
Coaxial cable
60 kHz-km
1950
Microwave
400 kHz-km
1976
Optical fibre
1993
700 MHz-km
Erbium doped fibre amplifier
1 GHz-km
1998
EDFA + DWDM
> 20 GHz-km
2001-
EDFA + DWDM
> 80 GHz-km
2001-
OTDM
> 100 GHz-km
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Optical Technology - Advantages
High data rate, low transmission loss and low bit error rates
High immunity from electromagnetic interference
Bi-directional signal transmission
High temperature capability, and high reliability
Avoidance of ground loop
Electrical isolation
Signal security
Small size, light weight, and stronger
62 mm
21mm
648 optical fibres
363 kg/km
448 copper pairs
5500 kg/km
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Applications
High Speed Long Haul Networks
(Challenges are transmission type)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ?
Access Network (AN)?
Challenges are:
- Protocol
- Multi-service capability
- Cost
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
OOppt
ticics
s i is
a al los hhe er
onng re e t
g ti too s
timm st ta
e.e. ayy fo
fo r
r
Electronics and Computers
Broad Optoelectronic
Medical Application
Instrumentation
Optical Communication Systems
Undersea Cables
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
System Block Diagram
Photonics Institute
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Source
Source
coding
Modulation
Analogue
Digital
Multiplexing
Modulation
Frequency
Time
External
Pulse shaping
Channel coding
Encryption
etc.
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Internal
Receiver
1 -stage
amplifier
st
2 -stage
amplifier
nd
Pre-detection
filtering
Sampler
&
detector
Demultiplexer
Equalizer
Demodulator
Decoder
Decryption
Output signal
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
All Optical Network
IP
ATM
IP
SDH
ATM
SDH
SDH
ATM
IP
Open Optical Interface
All Optical Networks
Challenges ahead:
Network protection
Network routing
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Other
True IP-over-optics
Challenges Ahead
Modulation and detection and associated high speed electronics
Multiplexer and demultiplexer
Fibre impairments:
. Loss
. Chromatic dispersion
. Polarization mode dispersion
. Optical non-linearity
. etc.
Optical amplifier
. Low noise
. High power
. Wide bandwidth
. Longer wavelength band S
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Challenges Ahead - contd.
Dedicated active and passive components
Optical switches
All optical regenerators
Network protection
Instrumentation to monitor QoS
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Chromatic Dispersion
It causes pulse distortion, pulse "smearing"
effects
Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less
robust to Chromatic Dispersion
Limits "how fast and how far data can travel
10 Gbps
60 Km SMF-28
40 Gbps
4 Km SMF-28
cisco
t
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Dispersion Compensating Fibre
By joining fibres with CD of
opposite signs (polarity) and
suitable lengths an average
dispersion close to zero can be
obtained; the compensating
fiber can be several kilometers
and the reel can be inserted at
any point in the link, at the
receiver or at the transmitter
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Ey
nx
Ex
ny
Input pulse
Spreaded output pulse
The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the
fibre; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic
dispersion and it is of some relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s
or more
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Combating PMD
Factors contributing to PMD
Bit Rate
Fiber core symmetry
Environmental factors
Bends/stress in fiber
Imperfections in fiber
Solutions for PMD
Improved fibers
Regeneration
Follow manufacturers recommended installation
techniques for the fiber cable
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Optical Transport Network
< 10000 km
< 10 Tbit/s
Global Network
Wide Area
Network
< 100 km
< 1 Tbit/s
Metropolitan/Regional
Area Optical Network
Client/Access
Networks
Cable modem
Networks
SDH/
SONET
ISP
ATM
FTTB
Gigabit
Ethernet
< 20 km
100M - 10 Gbit/s
ATM
FTTH
Courtesy: A.M.J. Koonen
Cable
PSTN/IP
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy
Mobile
Corporate/
Enterprise Clients
