16

Diesel Engine Operation I.

PREPARATION FOR
STARTING

Preparations for getting under way begin in the

engine room an hour or more before leaving. The
length of time required depends upon the size of the
engine.
To ensure a quick starting the cylinders and heads
of marine engines are warmed through by
circulating hot water. As a preliminary step the
Watch Engineer should check the fuel,
lubricating oil and cooling water are at working
level and the tanks properly drained. He will examine
the fuel and lube oil filters to see if they are clean
and make sure that all adequate valves are open.

Supply the right terms

Preparations for ___________ under way begin in the
engine room an hour or more before leaving. The
length of time required depends upon the
___________ of the engine.
To ensure a quick starting the cylinders and
___________ of marine engines are warmed through
by ___________ hot water. As a preliminary step the
Watch Engineer should check the fuel, ___________
oil and ___________ water are at working level and
the tanks properly drained. He will examine the fuel
and lube oil ___________ to see if they are clean and
make sure that all adequate ___________ are open.

Complete the text below

Preparations for getting under way begin ..... ...... ....

.
The length of time required depends ..... ...... .... .
To ensure a quick starting the cylinders and heads of
marine engines ..... ...... .... . through
by ..... ...... .... .
As a preliminary step the Watch Engineer should
check that the fuel, lubricating oil and cooling
water are ..... ...... .... . and the tanks ..... ...... .... . .
He will examine the fuel and lube oil filters to see
if ..... ...... .... . and make sure that all adequate
valves are open.

Now he can start the lubricating oil pump and

circulating water pump inspecting all visible returns
for adequate flow. If any leak is noticed it should be
immediately rectified. After opening the indicator
cocks the Engineer should turn the engine through at
least one complete revolution by means of the
turning gear. The purpose of this procedure is to see
that everything is clear for running and to force out
any water which may have collected in the cylinders.
Then the fuel oil system will be primed as described
in the builders operating instructions. If an auxiliary
scavenge blower is part of the installation, it should
at this point be started.

Fill in the missing terms

Now he can start the ___________ and circulating water
pump inspecting all visible returns for adequate flow.
If any ___________ is noticed it should be immediately
rectified.
After opening the ___________ the Engineer should turn
the engine through at least one complete revolution
by means of the ___________.
The purpose of this procedure is to see that everything is
clear for ___________ and to force out any water which
may have collected in the ___________.
Then the ___________ will be primed as described in the
builders operating instructions. If an ___________ is part
of the installation, it should at this point be started.

Which of the three sentences below

best describe the concept of priming
(to prime)
to fill (a pump) with its working fluid before
starting, in order to improve the sealing of
the pump elements and to expel air from it
before starting
to increase the quantity of fuel in the float
chamber of (a carburettor) in order to
facilitate the starting of an engine
(of a steam engine or boiler) to operate with
or produce steam mixed with large amounts
of water

Put the sentences in the right

sequence:
If any leak is noticed it should be immediately rectified.
After opening the indicator cocks the Engineer should turn
the engine through at least one complete revolution
by means of the turning gear.
The purpose of this procedure is to see that everything is
clear for running and to force out any water which may
have collected in the cylinders.
Then the fuel oil system will be primed as described in the
builders operating instructions.
Now he can start the lubricating oil pump and circulating
water pump inspecting all visible returns for adequate
flow.

The final steps in preparations include opening the main

stop valve in starting air lines, shutting off the air
drains and starting the manoeuvring air compressor
to charge the air reservoirs to the required pressures.
If conditions external to the ship are safe and
permission given by the bridge the engine should be
tried ahead or astern on starting air. Prior to that it is
necessary to disengage the turning gear. On engines with
bridge control the control selector must be switched
to the desired position. The engine is now ready for
manoeuvring and when STAND-BY is rung on the
telegraph from the bridge, the Engineer will close the
indicator cocks.

Supply the missing verb

Now he can _________ the lubricating oil pump and circulating
water pump _________ all visible returns for adequate flow.
If any leak is _________ it should be immediately _________.
After _________ the indicator cocks the Engineer should
_________ the engine through at least one complete
revolution by means of the turning gear.
The purpose of this procedure is to _________ that everything
is clear for running and to _________ out any water which
may have _________ in the cylinders.
Then the fuel oil system will be _________ as described in
the builders operating instructions.
If an auxiliary scavenge blower is part of the installation,
it should at this point be _________.

Complete the text below

The final steps in preparations include opening the main

stop valve in starting air lines, ................................
and starting the manoeuvring air compressor to
charge the air reservoirs to the required pressures.
If conditions external to the ship are safe and permission
given by the bridge the engine .....................................
Prior to that it is necessary to ......................................
On engines with bridge control the control selector
must be .................................
The engine is now ................................ and when
STAND-BY is rung on the telegraph from the bridge,
the Engineer will close the indicator cocks.

Complete the text below with

missing chunks or words

The final steps in preparations include opening .................

in starting air lines, ................ the air drains
and ................. the manoeuvring air compressor to
charge the air reservoirs to the required ..................
If conditions external to the ship are safe and permission
given by the bridge ................. ahead or astern on
starting air.
................. it is necessary to disengage the ..................
On engines with bridge control the control selector
must be switched ..................
The engine is now ready for manoeuvring and
when ................. on the telegraph from the bridge, the
Engineer will close the ..................

Questions and discussion

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

9.

10.

How are marine diesel engines started ?

How long do preparations for starting last ?
Why must an engine be heated up before starting ?
How is a marine diesel engine heated up ?
State what tanks need draining .
Why is the crankshaft turned one or two revolutions by
auxiliary power before re-starting ?
When is the turning gear disconnected ?
What must be done before starting on engines fitted with
bridge control ?
What is priming ? Why are the fuel, lube oil and cooling
water systems primed before operation ?
Why do preparations include the starting of an auxiliary
blower ?

I Give all the procedures prior to starting a main diesel engine in

a form of instructions.
Use imperative of verbs omitting the articles, adjectives,
unnecessary verbs, etc.
For example this sentence:

The Engineer will examine the fuel and lube oil filters to see if
they are clean.
may be converted into the following instruction:

Examine the fuel and lube oil filters if clean (or for
cleanliness ).

HOW TO MAKE DIESELS READY FOR RUNNING

Instruction list

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________

II Change the above instructions into

ADVICE or RECOMMENDATION by using
the auxiliary verb Should as in the
following example:

Fuel and lube oil filters should be examined
if clean (or for cleanliness ).

16 - DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION II.

STARTING THE ENGINE

The starting and manoeuvring of the engines is accomplished

by the operation of either a handwheel, or a lever, or a
combination of levers (as in the following text ), according to
the make of the engine.
Immediately the first order has been given by the bridge
telegraph direction handle, which may be built into the
telegraph reply lever, is moved from stop to ahead or astern
position. The camshaft is thus positioned relative to the
crankshaft to operate the various cams for fuel injection, valve
operation, etc. the manoeuvring handle (known as the
starting lever) is set to START.
This will cause the air pilot valve to be lift ,admitting air by
the way of the automatic valve to the air distributor and
the cylinder starting valves in the correct sequence to turn
the engine in the desired direction.

Immediately the first order has been given by the

bridge telegraph direction handle, which may be
built into the telegraph reply lever, is moved from
stop to ahead or astern position. The camshaft is thus
positioned relative to the crankshaft to operate the
various cams for fuel injection, valve operation, etc.
the manoeuvring handle (known as the starting
lever) is set to START.
This will cause the air pilot valve to lift ,admitting air
by the way of the automatic valve to the air
distributor and the cylinder starting valves in the
correct sequence to turn the engine in the desired
direction.

This will cause the air pilot valve to be lift

,admitting air by the way of the automatic valve
to the air distributor and the cylinder
starting valves in the correct sequence to turn
the engine in the desired direction.

Supply the terms relevant for

engine starting
The starting and manoeuvring of the engines is accomplished by
the operation of either a handwheel, or a ________, or a
combination of levers (as in the following text ), according to the
make of the engine.
Immediately the first order has been given by the bridge
telegraph the ________, which may be built into the telegraph
________, is moved from stop to ahead or astern ________.
The camshaft is thus positioned ________ the crankshaft to
operate the various ________ for fuel injection, valve operation,
etc. the manoeuvring handle (known as the ________) is set to
START.
This will cause the ________valve to lift, admitting air by the
way of the automatic valve to the ________and the cylinder
starting valves in the correct sequence to ________the engine in
the desired direction.

Supply the missing prepositions

The starting and manoeuvring ____the engines is accomplished
____ the operation of either a handwheel, or a lever, or a
combination ____ levers (as in the following text ), according
____ the make (design) of the engine.
Immediately the first order has been given ____ the bridge
telegraph the direction handle, which may be built ____ the
telegraph reply lever, is moved ____ stop ____ ahead or astern
position. The camshaft is thus positioned relative ____ the
crankshaft to operate the various cams ____ fuel injection,
valve operation, etc. the manoeuvring handle (known as the
starting lever) is set ____ START. This will cause the air pilot
valve to be lifting admitting air ____the way of the automatic
valve to the air distributor and the cylinder starting valves
____ the correct sequence ____ turn the engine ____ the desired
direction.

Supply the phrases or chunks in

the brackets where appropriate
The starting and manoeuvring of the engines is accomplished by the
operation of, or a lever, or a combination of levers (as in the
following text ), the make of the engine. (either a handwheel,
according to)
the first order has been given by the bridge telegraph the direction
handle,, is moved from stop to ahead or astern position.
(immediately , which may be built into the telegraph reply
lever)
The camshaft is thus positioned the crankshaft to operate the
various cams for fuel injection, valve operation, etc. the
manoeuvring handle is set to START. (relative to , (known as the
starting lever) )
This will cause the air pilot valve to be lifting, admitting air to the air
distributor and the cylinder starting valves to turn the engine in the
desired direction. ( by the way of the automatic valve , in the
correct sequence )

When the engine reaches its firing speed the

manoeuvring handle is pushed over to FUEL,
thereby shutting off compressed air and admitting
fuel to the cylinders. When the engine is running
on fuel the manoeuvring handle or a sepatate
speed control lever or wheel is adjusted to bring
the engine up to the desired running speed.
At the time the FULL AWAY is received the
auxiliary scavenge air blower should be stopped,
the starting air stop valve closed and all drains
opened.

Supply the verb where

appropiate

When the engine its firing speed the manoeuvring

handle is over to FUEL, thereby shutting off
compressed air and fuel to the cylinders. (reaches,
pushed, admitting)
When the engine is on fuel the manoeuvring
handle or a sepatate speed control lever or wheel
is to bring the engine up to the desired running
speed. (running, adjusted)
At the time the FULL AWAY is the auxiliary
scavenge air blower should be, the starting air stop
valve and all drains. (received, stopped, closed,
opened)

When the engine reaches its firing speed the

manoeuvring handle ............... to FUEL, thereby
shutting off compressed air and
admitting ....................
When the engine is running on fuel the
manoeuvring handle or a sepatate speed control
lever or wheel ............. to bring the engine up to
the ................... .
At the time the FULL AWAY is received the
auxiliary scavenge air blower should be ________,
the starting air stop valve _________ and all drains
__________.

16 - Diesel Engine Operation

III.

REVERSING THE ENGINE

Reversal of the engine will be unnecessary if

variable-pitch propellers or reversible gearboxes
are used.
If an order to reverse the engines is received from
the bridge while the ship is manoeuvring in and out
of the harbour the ship will usually be moving
slowly and reversal can speedily be made without
difficulty.
If, however, the vessel is proceeding at full speed,
only when speed is considerably reduced blast of
compressed air will be applied for stopping and
reversing the engine.

Complete the following

Reversal of the engine will be unnecessary if

v______ p_____ propellers or reversible g________
are used.
If an order to r ______ the engines is received from
the bridge while the ship is
manoeuvring ........................ the harbour the ship
will usually be moving slowly and r_____l can
speedily be made without difficulty.
If, however, the vessel is proceeding ......................,
only when speed is considerably reduced, blast of
compressed air will be applied for s ______ and r
______ the engine.

Where the auxiliary scavenge air blower is fitted it

should be started and the manoeuvring handle
brought to the stop position. This will shut off the
supply and the engine will slow down. When it comes
to a stop the direction handle is positioned astern and
the manoeuvring handle is pushed to starting position,
thereby applying compressed air to turn the engine in
the astern direction.

When turning astern (it is necessary to be

absolutely sure that this is so before applying fuel), the
manoeuvring handle is shifted from starting to fuel
position to admit fuel for the engine to be able
quickly to reach astern speed.

shut off, slow down, is pushed, to turn the

engine , admit fuel, is fitted, reach astern
speed, comes to a stop, turning astern

Where the auxiliary scavenge air blower _________ it

should be started and the manoeuvring handle brought
to the stop position.
This will ________ the supply and the engine will _______.
When it ________ the direction handle is positioned
astern and the manoeuvring handle is pushed to
starting position, thereby applying compressed air
_____________ in the astern direction.
When __________ (it is necessary to be absolutely sure
that this is so before applying fuel), the manoeuvring
handle is shifted from starting to fuel position to
_____________ for the engine to be able quickly to
_____________.

Complete the following

Where the auxiliary scavenge air blower is fitted
it ................. and the manoeuvring handle brought
to ...................
This will shut off the supply and the engine .............
When it .................., the direction handle is positioned
astern and the manoeuvring handle is pushed to
starting position, thereby ................... to turn the
engine in the astern direction.
When turning astern (it is necessary to be absolutely
sure that this is so before .....................), the
manoeuvring handle is shifted from
starting .................. to admit fuel for the engine to be
able quickly to reach ................... .

I Study the Fig.16.1. and give in the

correct sequence the positions of the
control levers for
starting and running ahead,
reversing and regulating speed.

II Refer to the previous exercise and

state what occurs in the engine when
the control levers
are moved to the various positions.

QUESTIONS AND
DISCUSSION
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

By what means may the starting and

manoeuvring of engines be actuated ?
What final operations must be done as soon as
the order FULL AWAY is given ?
Why is the auxiliary blower stopped when the
ship is under way at full speed ?
Are all marine engines made to run in the
reverse direction ?
Explain what is meant by firing speed .
Can reversing of engine be readily performed
when the ship is under-way at full
speed ?

III Find words and phrases in Lesson 16 which

are opposite in meaning to the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Open
Cool the engine
Speed up
Dangerous
Reach harbour
In port
Run the engine ahead
Reach full speed

___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

IV. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with

the appropriate terms from the previous exercise.
If any major repairs in the engine room are necessary the engineers are busier
________________ than they are while the ship is ________________.
When starting from cold the engine must be ____________ ; on the contrary running
engines require _______________ .
When releasing starting air in the lines remember to ____________ the air drains and
to ______________ the main stop valve.
After the direction handle has been shifted to ahead position and the manoeuvring
lever set to start the engine will __________________ .
During manoeuvre ships having fixed blade propellers must ______________ .
When the rate of supply is increased the engine ______________ , when it is reduced
the engine ___________________ .
If fuel is applied at the maximum rate, the engine will _________________, but soon
after the fuel supply has been shut off it will _________________ .
A vessel begins her voyage the moment she ______________ .
This sort of repairs cant be done while we are at sea; we have to wait until the ship
________________.
Try the engine in port on starting air only whel situation external to the ship is quite
________________ .

Preparations for standby

1. Before a large diesel is started it must be warmed through by circulating hot water through the jackets, etc.
This will enable the various engine parts to expand in relation to one another.
2. The various supply tanks, filters, valves and drains are all to be checked.
3. The lubricating oil pumps and circulating water pumps are started and all the visible returns should be
observed.
4. All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.
5. The indicator cocks are opened, the turning gear engaged and the engine turned through several complete
revolutions. In this way any water which may have collected in the cylinders will be forced out.
6. The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.
7. Auxiliary scavenge blowers, if manually operated, should be started.
8. The turning gear is removed and if possible the engine should be turned over on air before closing the
indicator cocks.
9. The engine is now available for standby.
The length of time involved in these preparations will depend upon the size of the engine.

Correct the sequence of the steps

in the preparations for standby
Before a large diesel is started it must be warmed through by circulating hot water through
the jackets, etc. This will enable the various engine parts to expand in relation to one another.

1.

Auxiliary scavenge blowers, if manually operated, should be started.

The engine is now available for standby.
The lubricating oil pumps and circulating water pumps are started and all the visible returns
should be observed.
All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.
The indicator cocks are opened, the turning gear engaged and the engine turned through
several complete revolutions. In this way any water which may have collected in the cylinders
will be forced out.
The various supply tanks, filters, valves and drains are all to be checked.
The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.
The turning gear is removed and if possible the engine should be turned over on air before
closing the indicator cocks.

Engine starting

1. The direction handle is positioned ahead or astern. This handle may

be built into the telegraph reply lever. The camshaft is thus positioned
relative to the crankshaft to operate the various cams for fuel injection,
valve operation, etc.
2. The manoeuvring handle is moved to 'start'. This will admit
compressed air into the cylinders in the correct sequence to turn the
engine in the desired direction. A separate air start button may be
used.
3. When the engine reaches its firing speed the manoeuvring handle is
moved to the running position. Fuel is admitted and the combustion
process will accelerate the engine and starting air admission will cease.

Engine starting
1. The ______________ is positioned ahead or astern. The
camshaft is thus positioned relative to the crankshaft to operate
the various cams for fuel injection, valve operation, etc.
2. The manoeuvring handle is moved ___________. This will admit
compressed air into the cylinders in the correct sequence to
turn the engine in the desired direction. A separate air
__________ may be used.
3. When the engine reaches its firing speed the manoeuvring
handle is moved to _______________. Fuel is _____ and the
combustion process will _____ the engine and starting air
admission will ____. (CEASE, ADMIT, ACCELERATE)

Engine reversing
When running at manoeuvring speeds:
1. Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are Fitted they should be started.
2. The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will quickly slow down,
3. The direction handle is positioned astern.
4. Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction.
5. When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted.
The combustion process will take over and air admission cease.

Engine reversing put the steps in the

right sequence
When running at manoeuvring speeds:
1. Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted they should be
started.
When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be
admitted. The combustion process will take over and air admission cease.
Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction.
The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will quickly slow down,
The direction handle is positioned astern.

When running at full

speed:

1. The auxiliary blowers, where manually operated, should be started.

2. Fuel is shut off from the engine.
3. Blasts of compressed air may be used to slow the engine down.
4. When the engine is stopped the direction handle is positioned astern.
5. Compressed air is admitted to turn the engine astern and fuel is admitted
to accelerate the engine. The compressed air supply will then cease.

Control and safety devices for marine diesel engine - function of governors

Supply the missing verbs - When

running at full speed:
1. The auxiliary blowers, where manually operated, should be
__________ .
2. Fuel is __________ from the engine.
3. Blasts of compressed air may __________ to slow the engine down.
4. When the engine is stopped the direction handle __________ astern.
5. Compressed air __________ to turn the engine astern and fuel is
admitted to __________ the engine. The compressed air supply will
then __________ .

Operating Troubles - Main Engine Does

Not Start/Fire When Starting Lever Is
Pulled

Operating trouble shooting -Main engine does

not fire when started .
As a Marine Engine we should know the reasons why
the engine is not abLe to fire when starting lever is
pulled in the control pannel. In Marine Diesel Engine
there are various factors affect the starting of the
engine it includes all the system which are interconnected if any one fails the control will not start the
engine .Before starting the engine the engine jcw
temperature and pressure should be correct and lube
oil temperature and pessure should be in the desired
value then only the hydraulic interlocking control lever
will be released for starting

Possible causes for main engine not fired are as

follows
1.If the Turning gear is engaged .It blocking valve prevents pilot air flowing to the
pilot valve on the control stand .So Dis-engage the Turning gear before starting .
2.The shut off valve on the starting air cointains cracks or starting air pipe are
closed .
3.The Automatic Starting air stop valve does not works on account of having
been closed by hand ,either being jammed or its internal out let ducts being
obstructed .
4.The Actuating valve for the Automatic starting air stop valve is jammed or
opens only partially.
5.The NON RETURN VALVE in starting air pipe is struck and does not open.
6.Starting air pressure is too low , the Engine only oscillating .Flame baffle is
obstructed.
7.The starting air control slide valves are either struck or the control air is not
able to force them down on to the starting cam vent opening may be obstructed.
8.The starting valve do not open .
9.A working

9.A working piston or any other running gear

component prevents starting of the engine
by reason of being seized or defective.
10.One or more starting control air pipes or
control oil pipes are incorrectly connected or
obstructed .
11.If the blocking device of the starting lever
has been uncoupled by hand ,the engine can
only be started if the reversing servomotor is
closed to its end position .

Operational Faults During Starting and

Running

1.The engine oscillates when being started or

does not gain speed:

During the starting of the engine the engine

is turned on air and during this operation
the engine oscillates and it does not gain
the speed to be started in the fuel.
So as the result the engine fails to start.

Possible causes for this are:

1.Individual cylinder receives only an insufficient amount of
starting air, or none at all.
2.The starting air pressure is too low in general and cannot
over come the compression counter-pressure .this happens
more frequently with engines having only a few cylinders.
3.One or more starting air control slide valve is struck.
5.One or more starting valves are struck or defective.
4.Obstructed staring air pipes (flame baffles).If the is any
obstruction it has to be removed first.

Read more:
http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/60
601.aspx#ixzz1cS0QGIxp

2.Scavenge air pressure charging receiver drops with

the load indicator remaining in the same position:

At the time of running the scavenge air

pressure drops and this causes the improper
combustion. This is indicated in the
scavenge air pressure indicator and
immediate action has to be taken to bring
back the scavenge pressure to normal
condition

Possible causes for less scavenge air pressure

are:

1.Turbocharger is either fouled or defective.

2.Loss of exhaust gases before turbine due to
leakage in the exhaust pipe line from the Main
Engine.
3.Intake filters of turbocharger are fouled.
Protective grating before turbocharger is
fouled.
4.Air loss on account of leakage (leaking
stuffing box).
5.Increase in exhaust gas back-pressure after
turbine.

3.Engine speed falls with load indicator

remaining in the same position:
Possible causes are :

1.A component of the running gear is hot. Stop the engine

immediately.
2.The hydrodynamic resistance of the ships hull is increasing.
3.The propeller is absorbing greater power.
4.The propeller shaft friction in the stern tube is excessive.
5.A fuel pump or fuel pipe is defective.
6.The priming plug on a fuel injector valve is either loose or
leaking.
7.The holes of fuel valve nozzle are obstructed.
8.Defective scavenge air valves.
9.Defective or fouled turbocharger or air cooler (inadequate air
supply).Protective grating before turbocharger may be fouled.
10.Fouled scavenge or exhaust ports.
11.Poor combustion

SLOW-TURNING THE ENGINE (Cont...)

1. WITH SPECIAL-SLOW TURNING DEVICE
2. WITH TURNING GEAR
2.1 Open the indicator valves
2.2 Lift the locking plate of the main starting
valve to the service position.
2.3 Give reversing order.
2.4 Turn the engine with the reversing gear.
2.5 Close the indicator valves.
2.6 Disengage the turning gear.

FUEL OIL SYSTEM

START:
1. Fuel oil supply pump.
2. Circulating pump.

CHECKING THE FUEL REGULATING

GEAR

Close the shut off valve of the starting air

distributor to prevent the engine from turning.
Switch over to control console (engine side).
Increase fuel pump index by regulating
handwheel.
Switch back to NORMAL control.
Open the shut off valve of the starting air
distributor.

MISCELLANEOUS

Lubricate the bearings and rod connections.

Switch on the electrical equipment in the control
console.
Set switch for auxiliary blowers in AUTO position.
START THE ENGINE

EMERGENCY CONSOLE

ENGINE SIDE CONTROL CONSOLE

EXERCISES
I. Study the Fig.16.1. and give in the correct
sequence the positions of the control levers
for :
starting and running ahead,
reversing and
regulating speed.

II. Go back to the previous exercise and state

what occurs in the engine when the control
levers are moved to the various positions.

QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

By what means may the starting and

manoeuvring of engines be actuated ?
What final operations must be done as soon as
the order FULL AWAY is given ?
Why is the auxiliary blower stopped when the
ship is under way at full speed ?
Are all marine engines made to run in the
reverse direction ?
Explain what is meant by firing speed .
Can reversing of engine be readily performed
when the ship is under-way at full speed ?

III Find words and phrases in Lesson

16 which are opposite in meaning to
the following:

Open
___________________________
Cool the engine
___________________________
Speed up
___________________________
Dangerous
___________________________
Reach harbour
___________________________
In port
___________________________
Run the engine ahead
___________________________
Reach full speed
___________________________

IV Fill in the blanks in the following

sentences with the appropriate terms from
the previous exercise.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

If any major repairs in the engine room are necessary

the engineers are busier ________________ than they are
while the ship is ________________.
When starting from cold the engine must be
____________ ; on the contrary running engines require
_______________ .
When releasing starting air in the lines remember to
____________ the air drains and to ______________ the
main stop valve.
After the direction handle has been shifted to ahead
position and the manoeuvring lever set to start the
engine will __________________ .
During manoeuvre ships having fixed blade propellers
must ______________

6. When the rate of supply is increased the engine

______________ , when it is reduced the engine
___________________ .
7. If fuel is applied at the maximum rate, the engine will
_________________, but soon after the fuel supply has been
shut off it will _________________ .
8. A vessel begins her voyage the moment she ______________
.
10. This sort of repairs cant be done while we are at sea; we
have to wait until the ship ________________.
11. Try the engine in port on starting air only whel situation
external to the ship is quite _____________ .

Grammatical structure:

PAST PARTICIPLE
IT + BE + ------------------------------ + THAT
ADJECTIVE

It must be noted that a change of pressure 1 or 2 per

cent is usually an early indication that something is
wrong.
It is necessary that the fuel oil is supplied in a
perfectly clean condition.

Examples:
1.

2.

3.

4.

It must be noted that a change of pressure 1 or 2

per cent is usually an early indication that
something is wrong.
It must be borne in mind that a large diesel is
warmed through by circulating hot water through
the jackets.
It should be seen that there is no air-locks in the
outlet pipes.
It should also be ascertained that the amount of
fuel oil in the service tank is ample for the
duration of the watch.

Instead of the Past Participle we can use an

Adjective:
It is clear that the reversing procedure
should be accomplished according to the
instructions.

Further examples
To ensure that the studs are not subject to
excessive fatigue loads it is essential that
they are tightened evenly.
It is necessary that the fuel oil is supplied
in a perfectly clean condition.
In adition to the speed regulation governor it
is usual that an overspeed trip is provided.
It is clear that the reversing procedure
should be accomplished according to the
instructions.

THAT clause can be replaced by the infinitive:

(5a) it is essential to tighten them (i.e.

studs ) evenly.
(7a) it is usual to provide an overspeed
trip.
(9a) It is desirable to accomplish the
reversing procedure according to the
instructions.

Or:
for + object + to infinitive:
It is necessary for the fuel oil to be
supplied in a perfectly clean condition.

EXERCISES
I Rearrange these sentences into
IT + BE + PAST PART./ADJECTIVE +
THAT
construction using the word in the
brackets.
Ex. The filter element is dirty. (likely )

It is likely that the filter element

is dirty.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The surfaces of the pistons should be treated

carefully when overhauling the engine.
(important)
Before stopping the engine the load should be
gradually reduced. (recommend)
The starting air will be supplied only when the
engine rotates at reduced revolutions. (obvious)
The manoeuvring lever on the engine was in the
stop position. (make sure)
A Manual override is provided if the governor
fails. (usual)

II Replace the THAT- clauses introduced by

adjectives from the previous exercise with the
construction
FOR + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE

Ex. It is likely that the filter element is dirty.

It is likely for the filter element to be dirty.

1.

2.

3.

4.

The clearance must be set in accordance

with the temperature of the engine.
(note)
The cooling water is heated and
circulated through before starting the
engine. (necessary)
We nearly ran out of fuel. We had a
bunkering vessel ordered via our agent.
(arrange)
The ring gap should never close
completely. (essential)