Solid State Control
Applied Electricity EE 2802
Introduction
Solid-state: Electronic systems based
entirely on the semiconductors
Machines in manufacturing processes
require variable speed
Variable speed drives:
Increases the productivity and
efficiency of the system
Reduce energy consumption
Power Switching Devices
Power diode
Power transistor
Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)
MOSFET
Insulated gate bipolar transistor
Motor Drive
A modern variable speed system has
four components:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Electric machine
Power converter
Controller
Load
Closed Loop Speed Control
Speed Control of DC Motors
Methods
1.
2.
Field control
Armature control
Armature resistance control
Armature voltage control
Field Control
Speed variation is possible only
above the rated speed
Armature Control
Only below the rated speed
Armature & Field Control
By combining armature and field control
-> a wide range of speed control is
possible
Four Quadrant Operation
Operating in both directions of rotation
Producing both motoring and
regeneration
Voltage & Current
Requirement for 4Q
Operation
Assuming filed flux is constant, speed is
approximately proportional to applied
voltage
Speed axis becomes the armature
voltage axis
Torque is proportional to armature
current
Torque axis becomes the armature
Operation
Forward
Motoring
Forward
Regeneration
Reverse
Motoring
Reverse
Regeneration
Power
Speed Torque Voltage Current
Output
+
+
+
+
+
+
Variable Voltage & Variable
Current DC Output
1.
Phase controlled rectifiers
2.
Diode bridge rectifiers with choppers
1.
Phase controlled rectifiers
Converts AC source voltage directly
into a variable DC voltage
2.
Chopper controlled converters
Converts Fixed DC to a variable DC
voltage
1) Phase Controlled Converters
Use Thyristors .
Thyristor/SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier)
Terminals anode, cathode and gate
To turn ON, a gate current should be
injected when anode is (+)ve compared
to cathode
After turning ON, the thyristor acts like a
diode
2Q Operation
4Q Operation
How it works?
Example : Single-Phase Controlled Converter
Conduction can be delayed beyond zero
crossing
Delay is introduced in the form of
triggering signals to the gates
Inversion
Increase delay angle > 900
Produce a (-) ve average voltage
Load current is in the same direction
Contribute to a (-) ve power input
2) Chopper Controlled DC
Motor Drives
Used when the source is a constant
voltage DC
battery or
diode bridge rectified AC
supply
Chopper circuit converts fixed voltage
into a variable voltage
Speed Control of AC
Induction Motors
Methods
1.
2.
3.
Changing the no. of poles
- limited control
- only several steps of speed is
possible
Slip control
Varying applied voltage
Adding external resistance
Frequency control
1.
Phase controlled IM drives
1. Stator voltage control
2. Slip energy recovery scheme
2.
Frequency controlled IM drives
3.
Vector controlled IM drives
1. Phase Controlled IM
Drives
1.
Stator Voltage Control
Efficiency is very low
Quite similar to 3-phase controlled
bridge converter used in DC motors
2.
Slip Energy Recovery Scheme
Efficiency is improved by slip energy
recovery
As speed decreases rotor copper loss
increases -> reduce the efficiency
Here the slip energy is sent back to
the AC supply using an external emf
2. Freq. Controlled IM Drives
Utility supply is having constant
frequency
Need a frequency changer
1. Direct Frequency Changer
2. Indirect Frequency Changer
Direct Frequency Changers
Small range of frequency variation
Suitable for low speed large power
applications
Indirect Frequency Changers
Wide range of frequency variation
Consists of
- a rectification (AC to DC) and
- an inversion (DC to AC)
Cannot be used for regeneration
For Regeneration
3. Vector Controlled IM
Drives
Previous methods provide good steady
state responses
Poor dynamic responses
- due to deviation in air gap flux
linkage
- in magnitude and phase
Vector control is used to control this
variation
Reference
Electric Motor Drives
Modeling, Analysis, and Control
R. Krishnan
