SPECIAL PURPOSE
MOTORS
1
Applied Electricity - EE 2802
Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Types of special purpose motors
3.
Stepper motor
4.
Universal motor
2
1) Introduction
Large
commercial and industrial settings
- Three phase AC and DC machines
Homes
and small business applications
- Machines run from single phase
power sources
3
2) Types of Special Purpose
Motors
Stepper
motor
Universal motor
Single phase induction motors
Reluctance motors
Brushless DC motors
..
4
3) Stepper Motor
A
digital version of the electric motor
Rotor
moves in discrete steps
Converts
electric pulses into mechanical
movement
Step
= angular rotation for each pulse
5
Operation
http://www.pyroelectro.com/tutorials/step_rocker_motor/theory.html
Operation (Example)
Stator
- eight poles
Rotor
- six poles (3 complete
magnets)
When
no power is applied
Residual flux causes to align one set of rotor
poles with one set of stator poles
Power
is directed to only one stator pair at a
time
When power is applied
Power is directed to only one stator pair
That pole pair becomes a magnet
Attract the closest rotor tooth
Change the current flow to the next stator
winding
Magnetic field will be changed by 45
Rotor will move 15 to align with the stator
Rotor moves through 24 steps to move a
total of 360
9
10
Types of Stepper Motors
1.
Permanent-magnet (PM) stepper motor
2.
Variable reluctance (VR) stepper motor
3.
Hybrid stepper motor
11
Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
(a) rotor
(b) stator
Cylindrical
permanent magnet rotor
The number of teeth on the rotor and
stator determine the step angle
12
http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?code=WBT_MO
TORSTEPTUT_WP
13
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Stator
- magnetic material
Rotor - un-magnetized soft steel
Rotor
moves to form the magnetic circuit
with the minimum reluctance path
14
http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_Stepper_Motors_Work/?p=1
15
Hybrid Stepper Motor
Combines
the best features of both the
PM and VR
Has soft steel teeth added to the
permanent magnet rotor for a smaller
step angle
16
Hybrid stepper
http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_Stepper_Motors_Work/?p=1
17
Applications
Digital
control circuits, such as robotics
Machine tools (milling machines, drilling
machines..)
Process control systems
Tape and disk drive systems
Printers
18
Switching Sequence
3 different stepping modes;
Full-step
Half-step
Micro-step
The
one already discussed is full step mode
Low no. of steps -> jerky in operation
Different methods used to increase the no. of
steps
19
Wave drive
Full-step drive
Half-step drive
http://www.robot-and-machines-design.com/en/Articles/Mechanics/TipsGuides/556-Motor-Selection-How-To-Select-A-Motor-Motor-Types.html
20
Micro-stepping
http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_Stepper_Motors_Work/
21
4) Universal Motor
Able
to run on both AC and DC supply
An extension of a series DC motor
When polarity of Vs is reversed
Both Field current and armature current
reverse in synchronism
-> Continue in the same direction
22
Can
achieve a pulsating but unidirectional
torque from a DC motor connected to an AC
power supply
Extra
sparking is caused by transformer action
These sparks;
Shorten the brush life
High resistance brushes are used
23
Torque Speed Characteristics
High
starting torque
Speed is low at full loads
Speed is very high and dangerous at noloads
24
Features and Applications
Compact
in size
Used where light weight and high torque
are required
Not suitable for constant speed
applications
High
maintenance and short lifespan
Typically very noisy
Commonly used in portable and
domestic equipment
Often found in a range less than 1000
W
25
APPLICATIONS:
In general, used for applications requiring
high speeds and large starting torques
vacuum cleaners
portable drills
sewing machines
kitchen applications (blenders)
hair dryers
domestic washing machines
26
